forked from lix-project/lix
559 lines
26 KiB
Markdown
559 lines
26 KiB
Markdown
# Release 2.0 (2018-02-22)
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The following incompatible changes have been made:
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- The manifest-based substituter mechanism
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(`download-using-manifests`) has been
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[removed](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/867967265b80946dfe1db72d40324b4f9af988ed).
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It has been superseded by the binary cache substituter mechanism
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since several years. As a result, the following programs have been
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removed:
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- `nix-pull`
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- `nix-generate-patches`
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- `bsdiff`
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- `bspatch`
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- The “copy from other stores” substituter mechanism
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(`copy-from-other-stores` and the `NIX_OTHER_STORES` environment
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variable) has been removed. It was primarily used by the NixOS
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installer to copy available paths from the installation medium. The
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replacement is to use a chroot store as a substituter (e.g.
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`--substituters /mnt`), or to build into a chroot store (e.g.
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`--store /mnt --substituters /`).
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- The command `nix-push` has been removed as part of the effort to
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eliminate Nix's dependency on Perl. You can use `nix copy` instead,
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e.g. `nix copy
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--to file:///tmp/my-binary-cache paths…`
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- The “nested” log output feature (`--log-type
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pretty`) has been removed. As a result, `nix-log2xml` was also
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removed.
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- OpenSSL-based signing has been
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[removed](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/f435f8247553656774dd1b2c88e9de5d59cab203).
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This feature was never well-supported. A better alternative is
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provided by the `secret-key-files` and `trusted-public-keys`
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options.
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- Failed build caching has been
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[removed](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/8cffec84859cec8b610a2a22ab0c4d462a9351ff).
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This feature was introduced to support the Hydra continuous build
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system, but Hydra no longer uses it.
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- `nix-mode.el` has been removed from Nix. It is now [a separate
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repository](https://github.com/NixOS/nix-mode) and can be installed
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through the MELPA package repository.
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This release has the following new features:
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- It introduces a new command named `nix`, which is intended to
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eventually replace all `nix-*` commands with a more consistent and
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better designed user interface. It currently provides replacements
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for some (but not all) of the functionality provided by `nix-store`,
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`nix-build`, `nix-shell -p`, `nix-env -qa`, `nix-instantiate
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--eval`, `nix-push` and `nix-copy-closure`. It has the following
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major features:
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- Unlike the legacy commands, it has a consistent way to refer to
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packages and package-like arguments (like store paths). For
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example, the following commands all copy the GNU Hello package
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to a remote machine:
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nix copy --to ssh://machine nixpkgs.hello
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nix copy --to ssh://machine /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10
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nix copy --to ssh://machine '(with import <nixpkgs> {}; hello)'
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By contrast, `nix-copy-closure` only accepted store paths as
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arguments.
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- It is self-documenting: `--help` shows all available
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command-line arguments. If `--help` is given after a subcommand,
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it shows examples for that subcommand. `nix
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--help-config` shows all configuration options.
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- It is much less verbose. By default, it displays a single-line
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progress indicator that shows how many packages are left to be
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built or downloaded, and (if there are running builds) the most
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recent line of builder output. If a build fails, it shows the
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last few lines of builder output. The full build log can be
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retrieved using `nix
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log`.
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- It
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[provides](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/b8283773bd64d7da6859ed520ee19867742a03ba)
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all `nix.conf` configuration options as command line flags. For
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example, instead of `--option
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http-connections 100` you can write `--http-connections 100`.
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Boolean options can be written as `--foo` or `--no-foo` (e.g.
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`--no-auto-optimise-store`).
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- Many subcommands have a `--json` flag to write results to stdout
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in JSON format.
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> **Warning**
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>
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> Please note that the `nix` command is a work in progress and the
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> interface is subject to change.
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It provides the following high-level (“porcelain”) subcommands:
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- `nix build` is a replacement for `nix-build`.
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- `nix run` executes a command in an environment in which the
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specified packages are available. It is (roughly) a replacement
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for `nix-shell
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-p`. Unlike that command, it does not execute the command in a
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shell, and has a flag (`-c`) that specifies the unquoted command
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line to be executed.
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It is particularly useful in conjunction with chroot stores,
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allowing Linux users who do not have permission to install Nix
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in `/nix/store` to still use binary substitutes that assume
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`/nix/store`. For example,
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nix run --store ~/my-nix nixpkgs.hello -c hello --greeting 'Hi everybody!'
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downloads (or if not substitutes are available, builds) the GNU
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Hello package into `~/my-nix/nix/store`, then runs `hello` in a
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mount namespace where `~/my-nix/nix/store` is mounted onto
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`/nix/store`.
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- `nix search` replaces `nix-env
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-qa`. It searches the available packages for occurrences of a
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search string in the attribute name, package name or
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description. Unlike `nix-env -qa`, it has a cache to speed up
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subsequent searches.
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- `nix copy` copies paths between arbitrary Nix stores,
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generalising `nix-copy-closure` and `nix-push`.
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- `nix repl` replaces the external program `nix-repl`. It provides
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an interactive environment for evaluating and building Nix
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expressions. Note that it uses `linenoise-ng` instead of GNU
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Readline.
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- `nix upgrade-nix` upgrades Nix to the latest stable version.
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This requires that Nix is installed in a profile. (Thus it won’t
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work on NixOS, or if it’s installed outside of the Nix store.)
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- `nix verify` checks whether store paths are unmodified and/or
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“trusted” (see below). It replaces `nix-store --verify` and
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`nix-store
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--verify-path`.
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- `nix log` shows the build log of a package or path. If the
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build log is not available locally, it will try to obtain it
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from the configured substituters (such as
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[cache.nixos.org](https://cache.nixos.org/), which now
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provides build logs).
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- `nix edit` opens the source code of a package in your editor.
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- `nix eval` replaces `nix-instantiate --eval`.
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- `nix
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why-depends` shows why one store path has another in its
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closure. This is primarily useful to finding the causes of
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closure bloat. For example,
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nix why-depends nixpkgs.vlc nixpkgs.libdrm.dev
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shows a chain of files and fragments of file contents that cause
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the VLC package to have the “dev” output of `libdrm` in its
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closure — an undesirable situation.
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- `nix path-info` shows information about store paths, replacing
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`nix-store -q`. A useful feature is the option `--closure-size`
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(`-S`). For example, the following command show the closure
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sizes of every path in the current NixOS system closure, sorted
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by size:
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nix path-info -rS /run/current-system | sort -nk2
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- `nix optimise-store` replaces `nix-store --optimise`. The main
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difference is that it has a progress indicator.
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A number of low-level (“plumbing”) commands are also available:
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- `nix ls-store` and `nix
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ls-nar` list the contents of a store path or NAR file. The
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former is primarily useful in conjunction with remote stores,
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e.g.
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nix ls-store --store https://cache.nixos.org/ -lR /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10
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lists the contents of path in a binary cache.
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- `nix cat-store` and `nix
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cat-nar` allow extracting a file from a store path or NAR file.
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- `nix dump-path` writes the contents of a store path to stdout in
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NAR format. This replaces `nix-store --dump`.
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- `nix
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show-derivation` displays a store derivation in JSON format.
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This is an alternative to `pp-aterm`.
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- `nix
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add-to-store` replaces `nix-store
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--add`.
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- `nix sign-paths` signs store paths.
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- `nix copy-sigs` copies signatures from one store to another.
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- `nix show-config` shows all configuration options and their
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current values.
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- The store abstraction that Nix has had for a long time to support
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store access via the Nix daemon has been extended
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significantly. In particular, substituters (which used to be
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external programs such as `download-from-binary-cache`) are now
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subclasses of the abstract `Store` class. This allows many Nix
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commands to operate on such store types. For example, `nix
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path-info` shows information about paths in your local Nix store,
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while `nix path-info --store https://cache.nixos.org/` shows
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information about paths in the specified binary cache. Similarly,
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`nix-copy-closure`, `nix-push` and substitution are all instances
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of the general notion of copying paths between different kinds of
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Nix stores.
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Stores are specified using an URI-like syntax, e.g.
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<https://cache.nixos.org/> or <ssh://machine>. The following store
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types are supported:
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- `LocalStore` (stori URI `local` or an absolute path) and the
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misnamed `RemoteStore` (`daemon`) provide access to a local Nix
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store, the latter via the Nix daemon. You can use `auto` or the
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empty string to auto-select a local or daemon store depending on
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whether you have write permission to the Nix store. It is no
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longer necessary to set the `NIX_REMOTE` environment variable to
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use the Nix daemon.
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As noted above, `LocalStore` now supports chroot builds,
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allowing the “physical” location of the Nix store (e.g.
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`/home/alice/nix/store`) to differ from its “logical” location
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(typically `/nix/store`). This allows non-root users to use Nix
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while still getting the benefits from prebuilt binaries from
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[cache.nixos.org](https://cache.nixos.org/).
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- `BinaryCacheStore` is the abstract superclass of all binary
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cache stores. It supports writing build logs and NAR content
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listings in JSON format.
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- `HttpBinaryCacheStore` (`http://`, `https://`) supports binary
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caches via HTTP or HTTPS. If the server supports `PUT` requests,
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it supports uploading store paths via commands such as `nix
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copy`.
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- `LocalBinaryCacheStore` (`file://`) supports binary caches in
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the local filesystem.
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- `S3BinaryCacheStore` (`s3://`) supports binary caches stored in
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Amazon S3, if enabled at compile time.
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- `LegacySSHStore` (`ssh://`) is used to implement remote builds
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and `nix-copy-closure`.
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- `SSHStore` (`ssh-ng://`) supports arbitrary Nix operations on a
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remote machine via the same protocol used by `nix-daemon`.
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- Security has been improved in various ways:
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- Nix now stores signatures for local store paths. When paths are
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copied between stores (e.g., copied from a binary cache to a
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local store), signatures are propagated.
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Locally-built paths are signed automatically using the secret
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keys specified by the `secret-key-files` store option.
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Secret/public key pairs can be generated using `nix-store
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--generate-binary-cache-key`.
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In addition, locally-built store paths are marked as “ultimately
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trusted”, but this bit is not propagated when paths are copied
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between stores.
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- Content-addressable store paths no longer require signatures —
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they can be imported into a store by unprivileged users even if
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they lack signatures.
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- The command `nix verify` checks whether the specified paths are
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trusted, i.e., have a certain number of trusted signatures, are
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ultimately trusted, or are content-addressed.
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- Substitutions from binary caches
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[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/ecbc3fedd3d5bdc5a0e1a0a51b29062f2874ac8b)
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require signatures by default. This was already the case on
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NixOS.
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- In Linux sandbox builds, we
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[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/eba840c8a13b465ace90172ff76a0db2899ab11b)
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use `/build` instead of `/tmp` as the temporary build directory.
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This fixes potential security problems when a build accidentally
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stores its `TMPDIR` in some security-sensitive place, such as an
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RPATH.
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- *Pure evaluation mode*. With the `--pure-eval` flag, Nix enables a
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variant of the existing restricted evaluation mode that forbids
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access to anything that could cause different evaluations of the
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same command line arguments to produce a different result. This
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includes builtin functions such as `builtins.getEnv`, but more
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importantly, *all* filesystem or network access unless a content
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hash or commit hash is specified. For example, calls to
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`builtins.fetchGit` are only allowed if a `rev` attribute is
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specified.
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The goal of this feature is to enable true reproducibility and
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traceability of builds (including NixOS system configurations) at
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the evaluation level. For example, in the future, `nixos-rebuild`
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might build configurations from a Nix expression in a Git repository
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in pure mode. That expression might fetch other repositories such as
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Nixpkgs via `builtins.fetchGit`. The commit hash of the top-level
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repository then uniquely identifies a running system, and, in
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conjunction with that repository, allows it to be reproduced or
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modified.
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- There are several new features to support binary reproducibility
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(i.e. to help ensure that multiple builds of the same derivation
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produce exactly the same output). When `enforce-determinism` is set
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to `false`, it’s [no
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longer](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/8bdf83f936adae6f2c907a6d2541e80d4120f051)
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a fatal error if build rounds produce different output. Also, a hook
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named `diff-hook` is
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[provided](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/9a313469a4bdea2d1e8df24d16289dc2a172a169)
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to allow you to run tools such as `diffoscope` when build rounds
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produce different output.
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- Configuring remote builds is a lot easier now. Provided you are not
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using the Nix daemon, you can now just specify a remote build
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machine on the command line, e.g. `--option builders
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'ssh://my-mac x86_64-darwin'`. The environment variable
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`NIX_BUILD_HOOK` has been removed and is no longer needed. The
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environment variable `NIX_REMOTE_SYSTEMS` is still supported for
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compatibility, but it is also possible to specify builders in
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`nix.conf` by setting the option `builders =
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@path`.
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- If a fixed-output derivation produces a result with an incorrect
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hash, the output path is moved to the location corresponding to the
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actual hash and registered as valid. Thus, a subsequent build of the
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fixed-output derivation with the correct hash is unnecessary.
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- `nix-shell`
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[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/ea59f39326c8e9dc42dfed4bcbf597fbce58797c)
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sets the `IN_NIX_SHELL` environment variable during evaluation and
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in the shell itself. This can be used to perform different actions
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depending on whether you’re in a Nix shell or in a regular build.
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Nixpkgs provides `lib.inNixShell` to check this variable during
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evaluation.
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- `NIX_PATH` is now lazy, so URIs in the path are only downloaded if
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they are needed for evaluation.
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- You can now use `channel:` as a short-hand for
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<https://nixos.org/channels//nixexprs.tar.xz>. For example,
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`nix-build channel:nixos-15.09 -A hello` will build the GNU Hello
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package from the `nixos-15.09` channel. In the future, this may
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use Git to fetch updates more efficiently.
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- When `--no-build-output` is given, the last 10 lines of the build
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log will be shown if a build fails.
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- Networking has been improved:
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- HTTP/2 is now supported. This makes binary cache lookups [much
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more
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efficient](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/90ad02bf626b885a5dd8967894e2eafc953bdf92).
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- We now retry downloads on many HTTP errors, making binary caches
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substituters more resilient to temporary failures.
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- HTTP credentials can now be configured via the standard `netrc`
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mechanism.
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- If S3 support is enabled at compile time, <s3://> URIs are
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[supported](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/9ff9c3f2f80ba4108e9c945bbfda2c64735f987b)
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in all places where Nix allows URIs.
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- Brotli compression is now supported. In particular,
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[cache.nixos.org](https://cache.nixos.org/) build logs are now compressed
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using Brotli.
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- `nix-env`
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[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/b0cb11722626e906a73f10dd9a0c9eea29faf43a)
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ignores packages with bad derivation names (in particular those
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starting with a digit or containing a dot).
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- Many configuration options have been renamed, either because they
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were unnecessarily verbose (e.g. `build-use-sandbox` is now just
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`sandbox`) or to reflect generalised behaviour (e.g. `binary-caches`
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is now `substituters` because it allows arbitrary store URIs). The
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old names are still supported for compatibility.
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- The `max-jobs` option can
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[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/7251d048fa812d2551b7003bc9f13a8f5d4c95a5)
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be set to `auto` to use the number of CPUs in the system.
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- Hashes can
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[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/c0015e87af70f539f24d2aa2bc224a9d8b84276b)
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be specified in base-64 format, in addition to base-16 and the
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non-standard base-32.
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- `nix-shell` now uses `bashInteractive` from Nixpkgs, rather than the
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`bash` command that happens to be in the caller’s `PATH`. This is
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especially important on macOS where the `bash` provided by the
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system is seriously outdated and cannot execute `stdenv`’s setup
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script.
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- Nix can now automatically trigger a garbage collection if free disk
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space drops below a certain level during a build. This is configured
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using the `min-free` and `max-free` options.
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- `nix-store -q --roots` and `nix-store --gc --print-roots` now show
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temporary and in-memory roots.
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- Nix can now be extended with plugins. See the documentation of the
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`plugin-files` option for more details.
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The Nix language has the following new features:
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- It supports floating point numbers. They are based on the C++
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`float` type and are supported by the existing numerical operators.
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Export and import to and from JSON and XML works, too.
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- Derivation attributes can now reference the outputs of the
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derivation using the `placeholder` builtin function. For example,
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the attribute
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configureFlags = "--prefix=${placeholder "out"} --includedir=${placeholder "dev"}";
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will cause the `configureFlags` environment variable to contain the
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actual store paths corresponding to the `out` and `dev` outputs.
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The following builtin functions are new or extended:
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- `builtins.fetchGit` allows Git repositories to be fetched at
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evaluation time. Thus it differs from the `fetchgit` function in
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Nixpkgs, which fetches at build time and cannot be used to fetch Nix
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expressions during evaluation. A typical use case is to import
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external NixOS modules from your configuration, e.g.
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imports = [ (builtins.fetchGit https://github.com/edolstra/dwarffs + "/module.nix") ];
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- Similarly, `builtins.fetchMercurial` allows you to fetch Mercurial
|
||
repositories.
|
||
|
||
- `builtins.path` generalises `builtins.filterSource` and path
|
||
literals (e.g. `./foo`). It allows specifying a store path name that
|
||
differs from the source path name (e.g. `builtins.path { path =
|
||
./foo; name = "bar";
|
||
}`) and also supports filtering out unwanted files.
|
||
|
||
- `builtins.fetchurl` and `builtins.fetchTarball` now support `sha256`
|
||
and `name` attributes.
|
||
|
||
- `builtins.split` splits a string using a POSIX extended regular
|
||
expression as the separator.
|
||
|
||
- `builtins.partition` partitions the elements of a list into two
|
||
lists, depending on a Boolean predicate.
|
||
|
||
- `<nix/fetchurl.nix>` now uses the content-addressable tarball cache
|
||
at <http://tarballs.nixos.org/>, just like `fetchurl` in Nixpkgs.
|
||
(f2682e6e18a76ecbfb8a12c17e3a0ca15c084197)
|
||
|
||
- In restricted and pure evaluation mode, builtin functions that
|
||
download from the network (such as `fetchGit`) are permitted to
|
||
fetch underneath a list of URI prefixes specified in the option
|
||
`allowed-uris`.
|
||
|
||
The Nix build environment has the following changes:
|
||
|
||
- Values such as Booleans, integers, (nested) lists and attribute sets
|
||
can
|
||
[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/6de33a9c675b187437a2e1abbcb290981a89ecb1)
|
||
be passed to builders in a non-lossy way. If the special attribute
|
||
`__structuredAttrs` is set to `true`, the other derivation
|
||
attributes are serialised in JSON format and made available to the
|
||
builder via the file `.attrs.json` in the builder’s temporary
|
||
directory. This obviates the need for `passAsFile` since JSON files
|
||
have no size restrictions, unlike process environments.
|
||
|
||
[As a convenience to Bash
|
||
builders](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/2d5b1b24bf70a498e4c0b378704cfdb6471cc699),
|
||
Nix writes a script named `.attrs.sh` to the builder’s directory
|
||
that initialises shell variables corresponding to all attributes
|
||
that are representable in Bash. This includes non-nested
|
||
(associative) arrays. For example, the attribute `hardening.format =
|
||
true` ends up as the Bash associative array element
|
||
`${hardening[format]}`.
|
||
|
||
- Builders can
|
||
[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/88e6bb76de5564b3217be9688677d1c89101b2a3)
|
||
communicate what build phase they are in by writing messages to the
|
||
file descriptor specified in `NIX_LOG_FD`. The current phase is
|
||
shown by the `nix` progress indicator.
|
||
|
||
- In Linux sandbox builds, we
|
||
[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/a2d92bb20e82a0957067ede60e91fab256948b41)
|
||
provide a default `/bin/sh` (namely `ash` from BusyBox).
|
||
|
||
- In structured attribute mode, `exportReferencesGraph`
|
||
[exports](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/c2b0d8749f7e77afc1c4b3e8dd36b7ee9720af4a)
|
||
extended information about closures in JSON format. In particular,
|
||
it includes the sizes and hashes of paths. This is primarily useful
|
||
for NixOS image builders.
|
||
|
||
- Builds are
|
||
[now](https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/21948deed99a3295e4d5666e027a6ca42dc00b40)
|
||
killed as soon as Nix receives EOF on the builder’s stdout or
|
||
stderr. This fixes a bug that allowed builds to hang Nix
|
||
indefinitely, regardless of timeouts.
|
||
|
||
- The `sandbox-paths` configuration option can now specify optional
|
||
paths by appending a `?`, e.g. `/dev/nvidiactl?` will bind-mount
|
||
`/dev/nvidiactl` only if it exists.
|
||
|
||
- On Linux, builds are now executed in a user namespace with UID 1000
|
||
and GID 100.
|
||
|
||
A number of significant internal changes were made:
|
||
|
||
- Nix no longer depends on Perl and all Perl components have been
|
||
rewritten in C++ or removed. The Perl bindings that used to be part
|
||
of Nix have been moved to a separate package, `nix-perl`.
|
||
|
||
- All `Store` classes are now thread-safe. `RemoteStore` supports
|
||
multiple concurrent connections to the daemon. This is primarily
|
||
useful in multi-threaded programs such as `hydra-queue-runner`.
|
||
|
||
This release has contributions from Adrien Devresse, Alexander Ried,
|
||
Alex Cruice, Alexey Shmalko, AmineChikhaoui, Andy Wingo, Aneesh Agrawal,
|
||
Anthony Cowley, Armijn Hemel, aszlig, Ben Gamari, Benjamin Hipple,
|
||
Benjamin Staffin, Benno Fünfstück, Bjørn Forsman, Brian McKenna, Charles
|
||
Strahan, Chase Adams, Chris Martin, Christian Theune, Chris Warburton,
|
||
Daiderd Jordan, Dan Connolly, Daniel Peebles, Dan Peebles, davidak,
|
||
David McFarland, Dmitry Kalinkin, Domen Kožar, Eelco Dolstra, Emery
|
||
Hemingway, Eric Litak, Eric Wolf, Fabian Schmitthenner, Frederik
|
||
Rietdijk, Gabriel Gonzalez, Giorgio Gallo, Graham Christensen, Guillaume
|
||
Maudoux, Harmen, Iavael, James Broadhead, James Earl Douglas, Janus
|
||
Troelsen, Jeremy Shaw, Joachim Schiele, Joe Hermaszewski, Joel Moberg,
|
||
Johannes 'fish' Ziemke, Jörg Thalheim, Jude Taylor, kballou, Keshav
|
||
Kini, Kjetil Orbekk, Langston Barrett, Linus Heckemann, Ludovic Courtès,
|
||
Manav Rathi, Marc Scholten, Markus Hauck, Matt Audesse, Matthew Bauer,
|
||
Matthias Beyer, Matthieu Coudron, N1X, Nathan Zadoks, Neil Mayhew,
|
||
Nicolas B. Pierron, Niklas Hambüchen, Nikolay Amiantov, Ole Jørgen
|
||
Brønner, Orivej Desh, Peter Simons, Peter Stuart, Pyry Jahkola, regnat,
|
||
Renzo Carbonara, Rhys, Robert Vollmert, Scott Olson, Scott R. Parish,
|
||
Sergei Trofimovich, Shea Levy, Sheena Artrip, Spencer Baugh, Stefan
|
||
Junker, Susan Potter, Thomas Tuegel, Timothy Allen, Tristan Hume, Tuomas
|
||
Tynkkynen, tv, Tyson Whitehead, Vladimír Čunát, Will Dietz, wmertens,
|
||
Wout Mertens, zimbatm and Zoran Plesivčak.
|