lix/doc/manual/src/language/index.md

Nix Language

The Nix language is

• domain-specific

  It only exists for the Nix package manager: to describe packages and configurations as well as their variants and compositions. It is not intended for general purpose use.

• declarative

  There is no notion of executing sequential steps. Dependencies between operations are established only through data.

• pure

  Values cannot change during computation. Functions always produce the same output if their input does not change.

• functional

  Functions are like any other value. Functions can be assigned to names, taken as arguments, or returned by functions.

• lazy

  Expressions are only evaluated when their value is needed.

• dynamically typed

  Type errors are only detected when expressions are evaluated.

Overview

This is an incomplete overview of language features, by example.

Example	Description
Basic values
"hello world"	A string
'' multi line string ''	A multi-line string. Strips common prefixed whitespace. Evaluates to "multi\n line\n string".
"hello ${ { a = "world" }.a }" "1 2 ${toString 3}" "${pkgs.bash}/bin/sh"	String interpolation (expands to "hello world", "1 2 3", "/nix/store/<hash>-bash-<version>/bin/sh")
true, false	Booleans
null	Null value
123	An integer
3.141	A floating point number
/etc	An absolute path
./foo.png	A path relative to the file containing this Nix expression
~/.config	A home path. Evaluates to the "<user's home directory>/.config".
<nixpkgs>	Search path for Nix files. Value determined by $NIX_PATH environment variable.
Compound values
{ x = 1; y = 2; }	A set with attributes named x and y
{ foo.bar = 1; }	A nested set, equivalent to { foo = { bar = 1; }; }
rec { x = "foo"; y = x + "bar"; }	A recursive set, equivalent to { x = "foo"; y = "foobar"; }
[ "foo" "bar" "baz" ] [ 1 2 3 ] [ (f 1) { a = 1; b = 2; } [ "c" ] ]	Lists with three elements.
Operators
"foo" + "bar"	String concatenation
1 + 2	Integer addition
"foo" == "f" + "oo"	Equality test (evaluates to true)
"foo" != "bar"	Inequality test (evaluates to true)
!true	Boolean negation
{ x = 1; y = 2; }.x	Attribute selection (evaluates to 1)
{ x = 1; y = 2; }.z or 3	Attribute selection with default (evaluates to 3)
{ x = 1; y = 2; } // { z = 3; }	Merge two sets (attributes in the right-hand set taking precedence)
Control structures
if 1 + 1 == 2 then "yes!" else "no!"	Conditional expression
assert 1 + 1 == 2; "yes!"	Assertion check (evaluates to "yes!").
let x = "foo"; y = "bar"; in x + y	Variable definition
with builtins; head [ 1 2 3 ]	Add all attributes from the given set to the scope (evaluates to 1)
Functions (lambdas)
x: x + 1	A function that expects an integer and returns it increased by 1
x: y: x + y	Curried function, equivalent to x: (y: x + y). Can be used like a function that takes two arguments and returns their sum.
(x: x + 1) 100	A function call (evaluates to 101)
let inc = x: x + 1; in inc (inc (inc 100))	A function bound to a variable and subsequently called by name (evaluates to 103)
{ x, y }: x + y	A function that expects a set with required attributes x and y and concatenates them
{ x, y ? "bar" }: x + y	A function that expects a set with required attribute x and optional y, using "bar" as default value for y
{ x, y, ... }: x + y	A function that expects a set with required attributes x and y and ignores any other attributes
{ x, y } @ args: x + y args @ { x, y }: x + y	A function that expects a set with required attributes x and y, and binds the whole set to args
Built-in functions
import ./foo.nix	Load and return Nix expression in given file
map (x: x + x) [ 1 2 3 ]	Apply a function to every element of a list (evaluates to [ 2 4 6 ])