* Start of language reference.
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Eelco Dolstra
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@ -499,6 +499,234 @@ run in parallel. Typically this should be the number of CPUs.</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2><title>The generic builder</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1><title>The Nix expression language</title>
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<para>The Nix expression language is a pure, lazy, functional
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language. Purity means that operations in the language don't have
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side-effects (for instance, there is no variable assignment).
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Laziness means that arguments to functions are evaluated only when
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they are needed. Functional means that functions are
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<quote>normal</quote> values that can be passed around and
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manipulated in interesting ways.</para>
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<para>The language is not a full-featured, general purpose language.
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It's main job is to describe components, compositions of components,
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and the variability within components. For this a functional language
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is perfectly suited.</para>
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<para>This section presents the various features of the
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language.</para>
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<simplesect><title>Simple values</title>
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<para>Nix has the following basic datatypes:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Strings</emphasis>, enclosed between
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double quotes, e.g., <literal>"foo bar"</literal>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Integers</emphasis>, e.g.,
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<literal>123</literal>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>URIs</emphasis> as defined in appendix B
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of <ulink url='http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt'>RFC
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2396</ulink>, e.g.,
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<literal>https://svn.cs.uu.nl:12443/dist/trace/trace-nix-trunk.tar.bz2</literal>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para><emphasis>Paths</emphasis>, e.g.,
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<filename>/bin/sh</filename> or <filename>./builder.sh</filename>.
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A path must contain at least one slash to be recognised as such; for
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instance, <filename>builder.sh</filename> is not a
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path<footnote><para>It's parsed as an expression that selects the
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attribute <varname>sh</varname> from the variable
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<varname>builder</varname>.</para></footnote>. If the filename is
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relative, i.e., if it does not begin with a slash, it is made
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absolute at parse time relative to the directory of the Nix
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expression that contained it. For instance, if a Nix expression in
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<filename>/foo/bar/bla.nix</filename> refers to
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<filename>../xyzzy/fnord.nix</filename>, the absolutised path is
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<filename>/foo/xyzzy/fnord.nix</filename>.</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Lists</title>
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<para>Lists are formed by enclosing a whitespace-separated list of
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values between square bracktes. For example,
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<programlisting>
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[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" (f {x=y;}) ]</programlisting>
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defines a list of four elements, the last being the result of a call
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to the function <varname>f</varname>. Note that function calls have
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to be enclosed in parentheses. If they had been omitted, e.g.,
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<programlisting>
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[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" f {x=y;} ]</programlisting>
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the result would be a list of five elements, the fourth one being a
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function and the fifth being an attribute set.</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Attribute sets</title>
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<para>Attribute sets are really the core of the language, since
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ultimately it's all about creating derivations, which are really just
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sets of attributes to be passed to build scripts.</para>
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<para>Attribute sets are just a list of name/value pairs enclosed in
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curly brackets, where each value is an arbitrary expression terminated
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by a semicolon. For example:
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<programlisting>
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{ x = 123;
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text = "Hello";
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y = f { bla = 456; };
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}</programlisting>
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This defines an attribute set with attributes named
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<varname>x</varname>, <varname>test</varname>, <varname>y</varname>.
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The order of the attributes is irrelevant. An attribute name may only
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occur once.</para>
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<para>Attributes can be selected from an attribute set using the
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<literal>.</literal> operator. For instance,
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<programlisting>
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{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.a</programlisting>
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evaluates to <literal>"Foo"</literal>.</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Recursive attribute sets</title>
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<para>Recursive attribute sets are just normal attribute sets, but the
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attributes can refer to each other. For example,
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<programlisting>
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rec {
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x = y;
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y = 123;
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}.x
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</programlisting>
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evaluates to <literal>123</literal>. Note that without
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<literal>rec</literal> the binding <literal>x = y;</literal> would
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refer to the variable <varname>y</varname> in the surrounding scope,
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if one exists, and would be invalid if no such variable exists. That
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is, in a normal (non-recursive) attribute set, attributes are not
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added to the lexical scope; in a recursive set, they are.</para>
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<para>Recursive attribute sets of course introduce the danger of
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infinite recursion. For example,
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<programlisting>
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rec {
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x = y;
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y = x;
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}.x</programlisting>
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does not terminate<footnote><para>Actually, Nix detects infinite
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recursion in this case and aborts (<quote>infinite recursion
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encountered</quote>).</para></footnote>.</para>
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</simplesect>
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<!--
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<para>It is often convenient to copy variables from the surrounding
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scope (e.g., when you want to propagate attributes). This can be
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shortened using the <literal>inherit</literal> keyword. For instance,
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-->
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<simplesect><title>Lets</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Inheriting attributes</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Functions</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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<para>Higher-order functions; map</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Conditionals</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title><quote>With</quote> expressions</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Operators</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Derivations</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect><title>Miscelleneous built-in functions</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</simplesect>
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</sect1>
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<sect1><title>The standard environment</title>
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<para>TODO</para>
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</sect1>
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