diff --git a/doc/manual/rl-next/nix-profile-names.md b/doc/manual/rl-next/nix-profile-names.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53dc53fa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/manual/rl-next/nix-profile-names.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+---
+synopsis: "`nix profile` now allows referring to elements by human-readable name, and no longer accepts indices"
+prs: 8678
+cls: [978, 980]
+---
+
+[`nix profile`](@docroot@/command-ref/new-cli/nix3-profile.md) now uses names to refer to installed packages when running [`list`](@docroot@/command-ref/new-cli/nix3-profile-list.md), [`remove`](@docroot@/command-ref/new-cli/nix3-profile-remove.md) or [`upgrade`](@docroot@/command-ref/new-cli/nix3-profile-upgrade.md) as opposed to indices. Indices have been removed. Profile element names are generated when a package is installed and remain the same until the package is removed.
+
+**Warning**: The `manifest.nix` file used to record the contents of profiles has changed. Nix will automatically upgrade profiles to the new version when you modify the profile. After that, the profile can no longer be used by older versions of Nix.
diff --git a/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.cc b/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.cc
index 4d8ff7438..101064956 100644
--- a/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.cc
+++ b/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.cc
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+#include <set>
+
 #include "cmd-profiles.hh"
 #include "built-path.hh"
 #include "builtins/buildenv.hh"
+#include "logging.hh"
 #include "names.hh"
 #include "store-api.hh"
+#include "url-name.hh"
 
 namespace nix
 {
@@ -116,6 +120,8 @@ ProfileManifest::ProfileManifest(EvalState & state, const Path & profile)
             sOriginalUrl = "originalUri";
             break;
         case 2:
+            [[fallthrough]];
+        case 3:
             sUrl = "url";
             sOriginalUrl = "originalUrl";
             break;
@@ -123,7 +129,10 @@ ProfileManifest::ProfileManifest(EvalState & state, const Path & profile)
             throw Error("profile manifest '%s' has unsupported version %d", manifestPath, version);
         }
 
-        for (auto & e : json["elements"]) {
+        auto elems = json["elements"];
+
+        for (auto & elem : elems.items()) {
+            auto & e = elem.value();
             ProfileElement element;
             for (auto & p : e["storePaths"]) {
                 element.storePaths.insert(state.store->parseStorePath((std::string) p));
@@ -139,7 +148,16 @@ ProfileManifest::ProfileManifest(EvalState & state, const Path & profile)
                     e["attrPath"],
                     e["outputs"].get<ExtendedOutputsSpec>()};
             }
-            elements.emplace_back(std::move(element));
+
+            // TODO(Qyriad): holy crap this chain of ternaries needs cleanup.
+            std::string name =
+                elems.is_object()
+                ? elem.key()
+                : element.source
+                ? getNameFromURL(parseURL(element.source->to_string())).value_or(element.identifier())
+                : element.identifier();
+
+            addElement(name, std::move(element));
         }
     } else if (pathExists(profile + "/manifest.nix")) {
         // FIXME: needed because of pure mode; ugly.
@@ -151,15 +169,37 @@ ProfileManifest::ProfileManifest(EvalState & state, const Path & profile)
         for (auto & drvInfo : drvInfos) {
             ProfileElement element;
             element.storePaths = {drvInfo.queryOutPath()};
-            elements.emplace_back(std::move(element));
+            addElement(std::move(element));
         }
     }
 }
 
+void ProfileManifest::addElement(std::string_view nameCandidate, ProfileElement element)
+{
+    std::string finalName(nameCandidate);
+
+    for (unsigned i = 1; elements.contains(finalName); ++i) {
+        finalName = nameCandidate + "-" + std::to_string(i);
+    }
+
+    elements.insert_or_assign(finalName, std::move(element));
+}
+
+void ProfileManifest::addElement(ProfileElement element)
+{
+    auto name =
+        element.source
+        ? getNameFromURL(parseURL(element.source->to_string()))
+        : std::nullopt;
+
+    auto finalName = name.value_or(element.identifier());
+    addElement(finalName, std::move(element));
+}
+
 nlohmann::json ProfileManifest::toJSON(Store & store) const
 {
-    auto array = nlohmann::json::array();
-    for (auto & element : elements) {
+    auto es = nlohmann::json::object();
+    for (auto & [name, element] : elements) {
         auto paths = nlohmann::json::array();
         for (auto & path : element.storePaths) {
             paths.push_back(store.printStorePath(path));
@@ -174,11 +214,11 @@ nlohmann::json ProfileManifest::toJSON(Store & store) const
             obj["attrPath"] = element.source->attrPath;
             obj["outputs"] = element.source->outputs;
         }
-        array.push_back(obj);
+        es[name] = obj;
     }
     nlohmann::json json;
-    json["version"] = 2;
-    json["elements"] = array;
+    json["version"] = 3;
+    json["elements"] = es;
     return json;
 }
 
@@ -189,7 +229,7 @@ StorePath ProfileManifest::build(ref<Store> store)
     StorePathSet references;
 
     Packages pkgs;
-    for (auto & element : elements) {
+    for (auto & [name, element] : elements) {
         for (auto & path : element.storePaths) {
             if (element.active) {
                 pkgs.emplace_back(store->printStorePath(path), true, element.priority);
@@ -235,35 +275,29 @@ void ProfileManifest::printDiff(
     const ProfileManifest & prev, const ProfileManifest & cur, std::string_view indent
 )
 {
-    auto prevElems = prev.elements;
-    std::sort(prevElems.begin(), prevElems.end());
-
-    auto curElems = cur.elements;
-    std::sort(curElems.begin(), curElems.end());
-
-    auto i = prevElems.begin();
-    auto j = curElems.begin();
+    auto prevElemIt = prev.elements.begin();
+    auto curElemIt = cur.elements.begin();
 
     bool changes = false;
 
-    while (i != prevElems.end() || j != curElems.end()) {
-        if (j != curElems.end() && (i == prevElems.end() || i->identifier() > j->identifier())) {
-            logger->cout("%s%s: ∅ -> %s", indent, j->identifier(), j->versions());
+    while (prevElemIt != prev.elements.end() || curElemIt != cur.elements.end()) {
+        if (curElemIt != cur.elements.end() && (prevElemIt == prev.elements.end() || prevElemIt->first > curElemIt->first)) {
+            logger->cout("%s%s: ∅ -> %s", indent, curElemIt->second.identifier(), curElemIt->second.versions());
             changes = true;
-            ++j;
-        } else if (i != prevElems.end() && (j == curElems.end() || i->identifier() < j->identifier())) {
-            logger->cout("%s%s: %s -> ∅", indent, i->identifier(), i->versions());
+            ++curElemIt;
+        } else if (prevElemIt != prev.elements.end() && (curElemIt == cur.elements.end() || prevElemIt->first < curElemIt->first)) {
+            logger->cout("%s%s: %s -> ∅", indent, prevElemIt->second.identifier(), prevElemIt->second.versions());
             changes = true;
-            ++i;
+            ++prevElemIt;
         } else {
-            auto v1 = i->versions();
-            auto v2 = j->versions();
+            auto v1 = prevElemIt->second.versions();
+            auto v2 = curElemIt->second.versions();
             if (v1 != v2) {
-                logger->cout("%s%s: %s -> %s", indent, i->identifier(), v1, v2);
+                logger->cout("%s%s: %s -> %s", indent, prevElemIt->second.identifier(), v1, v2);
                 changes = true;
             }
-            ++i;
-            ++j;
+            ++prevElemIt;
+            ++curElemIt;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.hh b/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.hh
index d03f9b1c2..2185daa34 100644
--- a/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.hh
+++ b/src/libcmd/cmd-profiles.hh
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #include "flake/flakeref.hh"
 #include "get-drvs.hh"
 #include "types.hh"
+#include "url.hh"
+#include "url-name.hh"
 
 #include <string>
 #include <set>
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ struct ProfileElement
 
 struct ProfileManifest
 {
-    std::vector<ProfileElement> elements;
+    std::map<std::string, ProfileElement> elements;
 
     ProfileManifest() { }
 
@@ -64,6 +66,9 @@ struct ProfileManifest
 
     StorePath build(ref<Store> store);
 
+    void addElement(std::string_view nameCandidate, ProfileElement element);
+    void addElement(ProfileElement element);
+
     static void printDiff(const ProfileManifest & prev, const ProfileManifest & cur, std::string_view indent);
 };
 
diff --git a/src/libutil/meson.build b/src/libutil/meson.build
index 069798a6f..8caa0532a 100644
--- a/src/libutil/meson.build
+++ b/src/libutil/meson.build
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ libutil_sources = files(
   'tarfile.cc',
   'thread-pool.cc',
   'url.cc',
+  'url-name.cc',
   'util.cc',
   'xml-writer.cc',
 )
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ libutil_headers = files(
   'topo-sort.hh',
   'types.hh',
   'url-parts.hh',
+  'url-name.hh',
   'url.hh',
   'util.hh',
   'variant-wrapper.hh',
diff --git a/src/libutil/url-name.cc b/src/libutil/url-name.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c526752c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libutil/url-name.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <regex>
+
+#include "url-name.hh"
+
+namespace nix {
+
+static std::string const attributeNamePattern("[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+");
+static std::regex const lastAttributeRegex("(?:" + attributeNamePattern + "\\.)*(?!default)(" + attributeNamePattern +")(\\^.*)?");
+static std::string const pathSegmentPattern("[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+");
+static std::regex const lastPathSegmentRegex(".*/(" + pathSegmentPattern +")");
+static std::regex const secondPathSegmentRegex("(?:" + pathSegmentPattern + ")/(" + pathSegmentPattern +")(?:/.*)?");
+static std::regex const gitProviderRegex("github|gitlab|sourcehut");
+static std::regex const gitSchemeRegex("git($|\\+.*)");
+static std::regex const defaultOutputRegex(".*\\.default($|\\^.*)");
+
+std::optional<std::string> getNameFromURL(ParsedURL const & url)
+{
+    std::smatch match;
+
+    /* If there is a dir= argument, use its value */
+    if (url.query.count("dir") > 0) {
+        return url.query.at("dir");
+    }
+
+    /* If the fragment isn't a "default" and contains two attribute elements, use the last one */
+    if (std::regex_match(url.fragment, match, lastAttributeRegex)) {
+        return match.str(1);
+    }
+
+    /* If this is a github/gitlab/sourcehut flake, use the repo name */
+    if (
+        std::regex_match(url.scheme, gitProviderRegex)
+        && std::regex_match(url.path, match, secondPathSegmentRegex)
+    ) {
+        return match.str(1);
+    }
+
+    /* If it is a regular git flake, use the directory name */
+    if (
+        std::regex_match(url.scheme, gitSchemeRegex)
+        && std::regex_match(url.path, match, lastPathSegmentRegex)
+    ) {
+        return match.str(1);
+    }
+
+    /* If everything failed but there is a non-default fragment, use it in full */
+    if (!url.fragment.empty() && !std::regex_match(url.fragment, defaultOutputRegex))
+        return url.fragment;
+
+    /* If there is no fragment, take the last element of the path */
+    if (std::regex_match(url.path, match, lastPathSegmentRegex))
+        return match.str(1);
+
+    /* If even that didn't work, the URL does not contain enough info to determine a useful name */
+    return {};
+}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/libutil/url-name.hh b/src/libutil/url-name.hh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a3f88e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libutil/url-name.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#pragma once
+///@file url-name.hh, for some hueristic-ish URL parsing.
+
+#include <string>
+#include <optional>
+
+#include "url.hh"
+#include "url-parts.hh"
+#include "util.hh"
+#include "split.hh"
+
+namespace nix {
+
+/**
+ * Try to extract a reasonably unique and meaningful, human-readable
+ * name of a flake output from a parsed URL.
+ * When nullopt is returned, the callsite should use information available
+ * to it outside of the URL to determine a useful name.
+ * This is a heuristic approach intended for user interfaces.
+ * @return nullopt if the extracted name is not useful to identify a
+ * flake output, for example because it is empty or "default".
+ * Otherwise returns the extracted name.
+ */
+std::optional<std::string> getNameFromURL(ParsedURL const & url);
+
+}
diff --git a/src/libutil/url-parts.hh b/src/libutil/url-parts.hh
index 6255c1d02..6efcc7e50 100644
--- a/src/libutil/url-parts.hh
+++ b/src/libutil/url-parts.hh
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ const static std::string userRegex = "(?:(?:" + unreservedRegex + "|" + pctEncod
 const static std::string authorityRegex = "(?:" + userRegex + "@)?" + hostRegex + "(?::[0-9]+)?";
 const static std::string pcharRegex = "(?:" + unreservedRegex + "|" + pctEncoded + "|" + subdelimsRegex + "|[:@])";
 const static std::string queryRegex = "(?:" + pcharRegex + "|[/? \"])*";
+const static std::string fragmentRegex = "(?:" + pcharRegex + "|[/? \"^])*";
 const static std::string segmentRegex = "(?:" + pcharRegex + "*)";
 const static std::string absPathRegex = "(?:(?:/" + segmentRegex + ")*/?)";
 const static std::string pathRegex = "(?:" + segmentRegex + "(?:/" + segmentRegex + ")*/?)";
diff --git a/src/libutil/url.cc b/src/libutil/url.cc
index a8f7d39fd..afccc4245 100644
--- a/src/libutil/url.cc
+++ b/src/libutil/url.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ ParsedURL parseURL(const std::string & url)
         "((" + schemeRegex + "):"
         + "(?:(?://(" + authorityRegex + ")(" + absPathRegex + "))|(/?" + pathRegex + ")))"
         + "(?:\\?(" + queryRegex + "))?"
-        + "(?:#(" + queryRegex + "))?",
+        + "(?:#(" + fragmentRegex + "))?",
         std::regex::ECMAScript);
 
     std::smatch match;
diff --git a/src/nix/profile-list.md b/src/nix/profile-list.md
index 5d7fcc0ec..9baea4ada 100644
--- a/src/nix/profile-list.md
+++ b/src/nix/profile-list.md
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ R""(
 
   ```console
   # nix profile list
-  Index:              0
+  Name:               gdb
   Flake attribute:    legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.gdb
   Original flake URL: flake:nixpkgs
   Locked flake URL:   github:NixOS/nixpkgs/7b38b03d76ab71bdc8dc325e3f6338d984cc35ca
   Store paths:        /nix/store/indzcw5wvlhx6vwk7k4iq29q15chvr3d-gdb-11.1
 
-  Index:              1
+  Name:               blender-bin
   Flake attribute:    packages.x86_64-linux.default
   Original flake URL: flake:blender-bin
   Locked flake URL:   github:edolstra/nix-warez/91f2ffee657bf834e4475865ae336e2379282d34?dir=blender
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ R""(
   # nix build github:edolstra/nix-warez/91f2ffee657bf834e4475865ae336e2379282d34?dir=blender#packages.x86_64-linux.default
   ```
 
-  will build the package with index 1 shown above.
+  will build the package with name blender-bin shown above.
 
 # Description
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ This command shows what packages are currently installed in a
 profile. For each installed package, it shows the following
 information:
 
-* `Index`: An integer that can be used to unambiguously identify the
+* `Name`: A unique name used to unambiguously identify the
   package in invocations of `nix profile remove` and `nix profile
   upgrade`.
 
diff --git a/src/nix/profile-remove.md b/src/nix/profile-remove.md
index ba85441d8..81f7e513a 100644
--- a/src/nix/profile-remove.md
+++ b/src/nix/profile-remove.md
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ R""(
 
 # Examples
 
-* Remove a package by position:
+* Remove a package by name:
 
   ```console
-  # nix profile remove 3
+  # nix profile remove hello
   ```
 
 * Remove a package by attribute path:
diff --git a/src/nix/profile-upgrade.md b/src/nix/profile-upgrade.md
index 39cca428b..57983085f 100644
--- a/src/nix/profile-upgrade.md
+++ b/src/nix/profile-upgrade.md
@@ -9,21 +9,16 @@ R""(
   # nix profile upgrade '.*'
   ```
 
-* Upgrade a specific package:
+* Upgrade a specific package by name:
+
+  ```console
+  # nix profile upgrade hello
+  ```
 
   ```console
   # nix profile upgrade packages.x86_64-linux.hello
   ```
 
-* Upgrade a specific profile element by number:
-
-  ```console
-  # nix profile list
-  0 flake:nixpkgs#legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.spotify …
-
-  # nix profile upgrade 0
-  ```
-
 # Description
 
 This command upgrades a previously installed package in a Nix profile,
diff --git a/src/nix/profile.cc b/src/nix/profile.cc
index 67f97ca9b..401d5bd77 100644
--- a/src/nix/profile.cc
+++ b/src/nix/profile.cc
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ struct CmdProfileInstall : InstallablesCommand, MixDefaultProfile
 
             element.updateStorePaths(getEvalStore(), store, res);
 
-            manifest.elements.push_back(std::move(element));
+            manifest.addElement(std::move(element));
         }
 
         try {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ struct CmdProfileInstall : InstallablesCommand, MixDefaultProfile
             //       See https://github.com/NixOS/nix/compare/3efa476c5439f8f6c1968a6ba20a31d1239c2f04..1fe5d172ece51a619e879c4b86f603d9495cc102
             auto findRefByFilePath = [&]<typename Iterator>(Iterator begin, Iterator end) {
                 for (auto it = begin; it != end; it++) {
-                    auto profileElement = *it;
+                    auto & profileElement = it->second;
                     for (auto & storePath : profileElement.storePaths) {
                         if (conflictError.fileA.starts_with(store->printStorePath(storePath))) {
                             return std::pair(conflictError.fileA, profileElement.toInstallables(*store));
@@ -183,35 +183,40 @@ public:
         std::string pattern;
         std::regex  reg;
     };
-    typedef std::variant<size_t, Path, RegexPattern> Matcher;
+    using Matcher = std::variant<Path, RegexPattern>;
 
     std::vector<Matcher> getMatchers(ref<Store> store)
     {
         std::vector<Matcher> res;
 
         for (auto & s : _matchers) {
-            if (auto n = string2Int<size_t>(s))
-                res.push_back(*n);
-            else if (store->isStorePath(s))
+            if (auto n = string2Int<size_t>(s)) {
+                throw Error("'nix profile' no longer supports indices ('%d')", *n);
+            } else if (store->isStorePath(s)) {
                 res.push_back(s);
-            else
+            } else {
                 res.push_back(RegexPattern{s,std::regex(s, std::regex::extended | std::regex::icase)});
+            }
         }
 
         return res;
     }
 
-    bool matches(const Store & store, const ProfileElement & element, size_t pos, const std::vector<Matcher> & matchers)
+    bool matches(
+        Store const & store,
+        // regex_match doesn't take a string_view lol
+        std::string const & name,
+        ProfileElement const & element,
+        std::vector<Matcher> const & matchers
+    )
     {
         for (auto & matcher : matchers) {
-            if (auto n = std::get_if<size_t>(&matcher)) {
-                if (*n == pos) return true;
-            } else if (auto path = std::get_if<Path>(&matcher)) {
+            if (auto path = std::get_if<Path>(&matcher)) {
                 if (element.storePaths.count(store.parseStorePath(*path))) return true;
             } else if (auto regex = std::get_if<RegexPattern>(&matcher)) {
-                if (element.source
-                    && std::regex_match(element.source->attrPath, regex->reg))
+                if (std::regex_match(name, regex->reg)) {
                     return true;
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -241,10 +246,9 @@ struct CmdProfileRemove : virtual EvalCommand, MixDefaultProfile, MixProfileElem
 
         ProfileManifest newManifest;
 
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < oldManifest.elements.size(); ++i) {
-            auto & element(oldManifest.elements[i]);
-            if (!matches(*store, element, i, matchers)) {
-                newManifest.elements.push_back(std::move(element));
+        for (auto & [name, element] : oldManifest.elements) {
+            if (!matches(*store, name, element, matchers)) {
+                newManifest.elements.insert_or_assign(name, std::move(element));
             } else {
                 notice("removing '%s'", element.identifier());
             }
@@ -257,9 +261,7 @@ struct CmdProfileRemove : virtual EvalCommand, MixDefaultProfile, MixProfileElem
 
         if (removedCount == 0) {
             for (auto matcher: matchers) {
-                if (const size_t * index = std::get_if<size_t>(&matcher)){
-                    warn("'%d' is not a valid index", *index);
-                } else if (const Path * path = std::get_if<Path>(&matcher)){
+                if (const Path * path = std::get_if<Path>(&matcher)) {
                     warn("'%s' does not match any paths", *path);
                 } else if (const RegexPattern * regex = std::get_if<RegexPattern>(&matcher)){
                     warn("'%s' does not match any packages", regex->pattern);
@@ -292,64 +294,99 @@ struct CmdProfileUpgrade : virtual SourceExprCommand, MixDefaultProfile, MixProf
         auto matchers = getMatchers(store);
 
         Installables installables;
-        std::vector<size_t> indices;
+        std::vector<ProfileElement *> elems;
 
+        auto matchedCount = 0;
         auto upgradedCount = 0;
 
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < manifest.elements.size(); ++i) {
-            auto & element(manifest.elements[i]);
-            if (element.source
-                && !element.source->originalRef.input.isLocked()
-                && matches(*store, element, i, matchers))
-            {
-                upgradedCount++;
-
-                Activity act(*logger, lvlChatty, actUnknown,
-                    fmt("checking '%s' for updates", element.source->attrPath));
-
-                auto installable = make_ref<InstallableFlake>(
-                    this,
-                    getEvalState(),
-                    FlakeRef(element.source->originalRef),
-                    "",
-                    element.source->outputs,
-                    Strings{element.source->attrPath},
-                    Strings{},
-                    lockFlags);
-
-                auto derivedPaths = installable->toDerivedPaths();
-                if (derivedPaths.empty()) continue;
-                auto * infop = dynamic_cast<ExtraPathInfoFlake *>(&*derivedPaths[0].info);
-                // `InstallableFlake` should use `ExtraPathInfoFlake`.
-                assert(infop);
-                auto & info = *infop;
-
-                if (element.source->lockedRef == info.flake.lockedRef) continue;
-
-                printInfo("upgrading '%s' from flake '%s' to '%s'",
-                    element.source->attrPath, element.source->lockedRef, info.flake.lockedRef);
-
-                element.source = ProfileElementSource {
-                    .originalRef = installable->flakeRef,
-                    .lockedRef = info.flake.lockedRef,
-                    .attrPath = info.value.attrPath,
-                    .outputs = installable->extendedOutputsSpec,
-                };
-
-                installables.push_back(installable);
-                indices.push_back(i);
+        for (auto & [name, element] : manifest.elements) {
+            if (!matches(*store, name, element, matchers)) {
+                continue;
             }
+
+            matchedCount += 1;
+
+            if (!element.source) {
+                warn(
+                    "Found package '%s', but it was not installed from a flake, so it can't be checked for upgrades",
+                    element.identifier()
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (element.source->originalRef.input.isLocked()) {
+                warn(
+                    "Found package '%s', but it was installed from a locked flake reference so it can't be upgraded",
+                    element.identifier()
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            upgradedCount++;
+
+             Activity act(
+                *logger,
+                lvlChatty,
+                actUnknown,
+                fmt("checking '%s' for updates", element.source->attrPath),
+                Logger::Fields{element.source->attrPath}
+            );
+
+            auto installable = make_ref<InstallableFlake>(
+                this,
+                getEvalState(),
+                FlakeRef(element.source->originalRef),
+                "",
+                element.source->outputs,
+                Strings{element.source->attrPath},
+                Strings{},
+                lockFlags
+            );
+
+            auto derivedPaths = installable->toDerivedPaths();
+            if (derivedPaths.empty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            auto * infop = dynamic_cast<ExtraPathInfoFlake *>(&*derivedPaths[0].info);
+            // `InstallableFlake` should use `ExtraPathInfoFlake`.
+            assert(infop);
+            auto & info = *infop;
+
+            if (element.source->lockedRef == info.flake.lockedRef) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            printInfo(
+                "upgrading '%s' from flake '%s' to '%s'",
+                element.source->attrPath,
+                element.source->lockedRef,
+                info.flake.lockedRef
+            );
+
+            element.source = ProfileElementSource {
+                .originalRef = installable->flakeRef,
+                .lockedRef = info.flake.lockedRef,
+                .attrPath = info.value.attrPath,
+                .outputs = installable->extendedOutputsSpec,
+            };
+
+            installables.push_back(installable);
+            elems.push_back(&element);
+
         }
 
         if (upgradedCount == 0) {
-            for (auto & matcher : matchers) {
-                if (const size_t * index = std::get_if<size_t>(&matcher)){
-                    warn("'%d' is not a valid index", *index);
-                } else if (const Path * path = std::get_if<Path>(&matcher)){
-                    warn("'%s' does not match any paths", *path);
-                } else if (const RegexPattern * regex = std::get_if<RegexPattern>(&matcher)){
-                    warn("'%s' does not match any packages", regex->pattern);
+            if (matchedCount == 0) {
+                for (auto & matcher : matchers) {
+                    if (const Path * path = std::get_if<Path>(&matcher)){
+                        warn("'%s' does not match any paths", *path);
+                    } else if (const RegexPattern * regex = std::get_if<RegexPattern>(&matcher)) {
+                        warn("'%s' does not match any packages", regex->pattern);
+                    }
                 }
+            } else {
+                warn("Found some packages but none of them could be upgraded");
             }
             warn ("Use 'nix profile list' to see the current profile.");
         }
@@ -360,7 +397,7 @@ struct CmdProfileUpgrade : virtual SourceExprCommand, MixDefaultProfile, MixProf
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < installables.size(); ++i) {
             auto & installable = installables.at(i);
-            auto & element = manifest.elements[indices.at(i)];
+            auto & element = *elems.at(i);
             element.updateStorePaths(
                 getEvalStore(),
                 store,
@@ -392,12 +429,16 @@ struct CmdProfileList : virtual EvalCommand, virtual StoreCommand, MixDefaultPro
         if (json) {
             std::cout << manifest.toJSON(*store).dump() << "\n";
         } else {
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < manifest.elements.size(); ++i) {
-                auto & element(manifest.elements[i]);
-                if (i) logger->cout("");
-                logger->cout("Index:              " ANSI_BOLD "%s" ANSI_NORMAL "%s",
-                    i,
-                    element.active ? "" : " " ANSI_RED "(inactive)" ANSI_NORMAL);
+            for (auto const & [i, nameElemPair] : enumerate(manifest.elements)) {
+                auto & [name, element] = nameElemPair;
+                if (i) {
+                    logger->cout("");
+                }
+                logger->cout(
+                    "Name:               " ANSI_BOLD "%s" ANSI_NORMAL "%s",
+                    name,
+                    element.active ? "" : " " ANSI_RED "(inactive)" ANSI_NORMAL
+                );
                 if (element.source) {
                     logger->cout("Flake attribute:    %s%s", element.source->attrPath, element.source->outputs.to_string());
                     logger->cout("Original flake URL: %s", element.source->originalRef.to_string());
diff --git a/src/nix/upgrade-nix.cc b/src/nix/upgrade-nix.cc
index 31a051246..ca8080f88 100644
--- a/src/nix/upgrade-nix.cc
+++ b/src/nix/upgrade-nix.cc
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ struct CmdUpgradeNix : MixDryRun, EvalCommand
         // Find which profile element has Nix in it.
         // It should be impossible to *not* have Nix, since we grabbed this
         // store path by looking for things with bin/nix-env in them anyway.
-        auto findNix = [&](ProfileElement const & elem) -> bool {
+        auto findNix = [&](std::pair<std::string, ProfileElement> const & nameElemPair) -> bool {
+            auto const & [name, elem] = nameElemPair;
             for (auto const & ePath : elem.storePaths) {
                 auto const nixEnv = store->printStorePath(ePath) + "/bin/nix-env";
                 if (pathExists(nixEnv)) {
@@ -226,14 +227,15 @@ struct CmdUpgradeNix : MixDryRun, EvalCommand
         // *Should* be impossible...
         assert(elemWithNix != std::end(manifest.elements));
 
+        auto const nixElemName = elemWithNix->first;
+
         // Now create a new profile element for the new Nix version...
         ProfileElement elemForNewNix = {
             .storePaths = {newNix},
         };
 
         // ...and splork it into the manifest where the old profile element was.
-        // (Remember, elemWithNix is an iterator)
-        *elemWithNix = elemForNewNix;
+        manifest.elements.at(nixElemName) = elemForNewNix;
 
         // Build the new profile, and switch to it.
         StorePath const newProfile = manifest.build(store);
diff --git a/tests/functional/nix-profile.sh b/tests/functional/nix-profile.sh
index 7c478a0cd..ed014f9ef 100644
--- a/tests/functional/nix-profile.sh
+++ b/tests/functional/nix-profile.sh
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ cp ./config.nix $flake1Dir/
 
 # Test upgrading from nix-env.
 nix-env -f ./user-envs.nix -i foo-1.0
-nix profile list | grep -A2 'Index:.*0' | grep 'Store paths:.*foo-1.0'
+nix profile list | grep -A2 'Name:.*foo' | grep 'Store paths:.*foo-1.0'
 nix profile install $flake1Dir -L
-nix profile list | grep -A4 'Index:.*1' | grep 'Locked flake URL:.*narHash'
+nix profile list | grep -A4 'Name:.*flake1' | grep 'Locked flake URL:.*narHash'
 [[ $($TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/hello) = "Hello World" ]]
 [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/share/man ]
 (! [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/include ])
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ nix profile diff-closures | grep 'env-manifest.nix: ε → ∅'
 # Test XDG Base Directories support
 
 export NIX_CONFIG="use-xdg-base-directories = true"
-nix profile remove 1
+nix profile remove flake1 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages'
 nix profile install $flake1Dir
 [[ $($TEST_HOME/.local/state/nix/profile/bin/hello) = "Hello World" ]]
 unset NIX_CONFIG
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ unset NIX_CONFIG
 # Test upgrading a package.
 printf NixOS > $flake1Dir/who
 printf 2.0 > $flake1Dir/version
-nix profile upgrade 1
+nix profile upgrade flake1
 [[ $($TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/hello) = "Hello NixOS" ]]
 nix profile history | grep "packages.$system.default: 1.0, 1.0-man -> 2.0, 2.0-man"
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ nix profile rollback
 
 # Test uninstall.
 [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/foo ]
-nix profile remove 0
+nix profile remove "foo" 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages'
 (! [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/foo ])
 nix profile history | grep 'foo: 1.0 -> ∅'
 nix profile diff-closures | grep 'Version 3 -> 4'
@@ -89,10 +89,18 @@ nix profile diff-closures | grep 'Version 3 -> 4'
 # Test installing a non-flake package.
 nix profile install --file ./simple.nix ''
 [[ $(cat $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/hello) = "Hello World!" ]]
-nix profile remove 1
+nix profile remove simple 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages'
 nix profile install $(nix-build --no-out-link ./simple.nix)
 [[ $(cat $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/hello) = "Hello World!" ]]
 
+# Test packages with same name from different sources
+mkdir $TEST_ROOT/simple-too
+cp ./simple.nix ./config.nix simple.builder.sh $TEST_ROOT/simple-too
+nix profile install --file $TEST_ROOT/simple-too/simple.nix ''
+nix profile list | grep -A4 'Name:.*simple' | grep 'Name:.*simple-1'
+nix profile remove simple 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages'
+nix profile remove simple-1 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages'
+
 # Test wipe-history.
 nix profile wipe-history
 [[ $(nix profile history | grep Version | wc -l) -eq 1 ]]
@@ -100,11 +108,11 @@ nix profile wipe-history
 # Test upgrade to CA package.
 printf true > $flake1Dir/ca.nix
 printf 3.0 > $flake1Dir/version
-nix profile upgrade 0
+nix profile upgrade flake1
 nix profile history | grep "packages.$system.default: 1.0, 1.0-man -> 3.0, 3.0-man"
 
 # Test new install of CA package.
-nix profile remove 0
+nix profile remove flake1 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages'
 printf 4.0 > $flake1Dir/version
 printf Utrecht > $flake1Dir/who
 nix profile install $flake1Dir
@@ -112,26 +120,27 @@ nix profile install $flake1Dir
 [[ $(nix path-info --json $(realpath $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/hello) | jq -r .[].ca) =~ fixed:r:sha256: ]]
 
 # Override the outputs.
-nix profile remove 0 1
+nix profile remove simple flake1
 nix profile install "$flake1Dir^*"
 [[ $($TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/hello) = "Hello Utrecht" ]]
 [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/share/man ]
 [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/include ]
 
 printf Nix > $flake1Dir/who
-nix profile upgrade 0
+nix profile list
+nix profile upgrade flake1
 [[ $($TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/hello) = "Hello Nix" ]]
 [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/share/man ]
 [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/include ]
 
-nix profile remove 0
+nix profile remove flake1 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages'
 nix profile install "$flake1Dir^man"
 (! [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/bin/hello ])
 [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/share/man ]
 (! [ -e $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile/include ])
 
 # test priority
-nix profile remove 0
+nix profile remove flake1
 
 # Make another flake.
 flake2Dir=$TEST_ROOT/flake2
@@ -185,3 +194,12 @@ nix profile install $flake2Dir --priority 0
 clearProfiles
 nix profile install $(nix build $flake1Dir --no-link --print-out-paths)
 expect 1 nix profile install --impure --expr "(builtins.getFlake ''$flake2Dir'').packages.$system.default"
+
+# Test upgrading from profile version 2.
+clearProfiles
+mkdir -p $TEST_ROOT/import-profile
+outPath=$(nix build --no-link --print-out-paths $flake1Dir/flake.nix^out)
+printf '{ "version": 2, "elements": [ { "active": true, "attrPath": "legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.hello", "originalUrl": "flake:nixpkgs", "outputs": null, "priority": 5, "storePaths": [ "%s" ], "url": "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa" } ] }' "$outPath" > $TEST_ROOT/import-profile/manifest.json
+nix build --profile $TEST_HOME/.nix-profile $(nix store add-path $TEST_ROOT/import-profile)
+nix profile list | grep -A4 'Name:.*hello' | grep "Store paths:.*$outPath"
+nix profile remove hello 2>&1 | grep 'removed 1 packages, kept 0 packages'
diff --git a/tests/unit/libutil/url-name.cc b/tests/unit/libutil/url-name.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..164bb26d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/libutil/url-name.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include "url-name.hh"
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace nix {
+
+/* ----------- tests for url-name.hh --------------------------------------------------*/
+
+    TEST(getNameFromURL, getNameFromURL) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:/home/user/project")), "project");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:~/repos/nixpkgs#packages.x86_64-linux.hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:~/repos/nixpkgs#legacyPackages.x86_64-linux.hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:~/repos/nixpkgs#packages.x86_64-linux.Hello")), "Hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:.#nonStandardAttr.mylaptop")), "mylaptop");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:./repos/myflake#nonStandardAttr.mylaptop")), "mylaptop");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:./nixpkgs#packages.x86_64-linux.complex^bin,man")), "complex");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:./myproj#packages.x86_64-linux.default^*")), "myproj");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("github:NixOS/nixpkgs#packages.x86_64-linux.hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("github:NixOS/nixpkgs#hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("github:NixOS/nix#packages.x86_64-linux.default")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("github:NixOS/nix#")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("github:NixOS/nix")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("github:cachix/devenv/main#packages.x86_64-linux.default")), "devenv");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("github:edolstra/nix-warez?rev=1234&dir=blender&ref=master")), "blender");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("gitlab:NixOS/nixpkgs#packages.x86_64-linux.hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("gitlab:NixOS/nixpkgs#hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("gitlab:NixOS/nix#packages.x86_64-linux.default")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("gitlab:NixOS/nix#")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("gitlab:NixOS/nix")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("gitlab:cachix/devenv/main#packages.x86_64-linux.default")), "devenv");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("sourcehut:NixOS/nixpkgs#packages.x86_64-linux.hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("sourcehut:NixOS/nixpkgs#hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("sourcehut:NixOS/nix#packages.x86_64-linux.default")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("sourcehut:NixOS/nix#")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("sourcehut:NixOS/nix")), "nix");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("sourcehut:cachix/devenv/main#packages.x86_64-linux.default")), "devenv");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git://github.com/edolstra/dwarffs")), "dwarffs");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git://github.com/edolstra/nix-warez?dir=blender")), "blender");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git+file:///home/user/project")), "project");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git+file:///home/user/project?ref=fa1e2d23a22")), "project");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git+ssh://git@github.com/someuser/my-repo#")), "my-repo");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git+git://github.com/someuser/my-repo?rev=v1.2.3")), "my-repo");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git+ssh:///home/user/project?dir=subproject&rev=v2.4")), "subproject");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git+http://not-even-real#packages.x86_64-linux.hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("git+https://not-even-real#packages.aarch64-darwin.hello")), "hello");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("tarball+http://github.com/NixOS/nix/archive/refs/tags/2.18.1#packages.x86_64-linux.jq")), "jq");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("tarball+https://github.com/NixOS/nix/archive/refs/tags/2.18.1#packages.x86_64-linux.hg")), "hg");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("tarball+file:///home/user/Downloads/nixpkgs-2.18.1#packages.aarch64-darwin.ripgrep")), "ripgrep");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("https://github.com/NixOS/nix/archive/refs/tags/2.18.1.tar.gz#packages.x86_64-linux.pv")), "pv");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("http://github.com/NixOS/nix/archive/refs/tags/2.18.1.tar.gz#packages.x86_64-linux.pv")), "pv");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("file:///home/user/project?ref=fa1e2d23a22")), "project");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("file+file:///home/user/project?ref=fa1e2d23a22")), "project");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("file+http://not-even-real#packages.x86_64-linux.hello")), "hello");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("file+http://gitfantasy.com/org/user/notaflake")), "notaflake");
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("file+https://not-even-real#packages.aarch64-darwin.hello")), "hello");
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("https://www.github.com/")), std::nullopt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:.")), std::nullopt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("file:.#")), std::nullopt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:.#packages.x86_64-linux.default")), std::nullopt);
+        ASSERT_EQ(getNameFromURL(parseURL("path:.#packages.x86_64-linux.default^*")), std::nullopt);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/meson.build b/tests/unit/meson.build
index ae850df47..339ac9a4a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/meson.build
+++ b/tests/unit/meson.build
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ libutil_tests_sources = files(
   'libutil/suggestions.cc',
   'libutil/tests.cc',
   'libutil/url.cc',
+  'libutil/url-name.cc',
   'libutil/xml-writer.cc',
 )