# Name

`nix-shell` - start an interactive shell based on a Nix expression

# Synopsis

`nix-shell`
  [`--arg` *name* *value*]
  [`--argstr` *name* *value*]
  [{`--attr` | `-A`} *attrPath*]
  [`--command` *cmd*]
  [`--run` *cmd*]
  [`--exclude` *regexp*]
  [--pure]
  [--keep *name*]
  {{`--packages` | `-p`} {*packages* | *expressions*} … | [*path*]}

# Description

The command `nix-shell` will build the dependencies of the specified
derivation, but not the derivation itself. It will then start an
interactive shell in which all environment variables defined by the
derivation *path* have been set to their corresponding values, and the
script `$stdenv/setup` has been sourced. This is useful for reproducing
the environment of a derivation for development.

If *path* is not given, `nix-shell` defaults to `shell.nix` if it
exists, and `default.nix` otherwise.

If *path* starts with `http://` or `https://`, it is interpreted as the
URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary
location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory
containing at least a file named `default.nix`.

If the derivation defines the variable `shellHook`, it will be run
after `$stdenv/setup` has been sourced. Since this hook is not executed
by regular Nix builds, it allows you to perform initialisation specific
to `nix-shell`. For example, the derivation attribute

```nix
shellHook =
  ''
    echo "Hello shell"
    export SOME_API_TOKEN="$(cat ~/.config/some-app/api-token)"
  '';
```

will cause `nix-shell` to print `Hello shell` and set the `SOME_API_TOKEN`
environment variable to a user-configured value.

# Options

All options not listed here are passed to `nix-store
--realise`, except for `--arg` and `--attr` / `-A` which are passed to
`nix-instantiate`.

  - `--command` *cmd*  
    In the environment of the derivation, run the shell command *cmd*.
    This command is executed in an interactive shell. (Use `--run` to
    use a non-interactive shell instead.) However, a call to `exit` is
    implicitly added to the command, so the shell will exit after
    running the command. To prevent this, add `return` at the end;
    e.g.  `--command "echo Hello; return"` will print `Hello` and then
    drop you into the interactive shell. This can be useful for doing
    any additional initialisation.

  - `--run` *cmd*  
    Like `--command`, but executes the command in a non-interactive
    shell. This means (among other things) that if you hit Ctrl-C while
    the command is running, the shell exits.

  - `--exclude` *regexp*  
    Do not build any dependencies whose store path matches the regular
    expression *regexp*. This option may be specified multiple times.

  - `--pure`  
    If this flag is specified, the environment is almost entirely
    cleared before the interactive shell is started, so you get an
    environment that more closely corresponds to the “real” Nix build. A
    few variables, in particular `HOME`, `USER` and `DISPLAY`, are
    retained. Note that (depending on your Bash
    installation) `/etc/bashrc` is still sourced, so any variables set
    there will affect the interactive shell.

  - `--packages` / `-p` *packages*…  
    Set up an environment in which the specified packages are present.
    The command line arguments are interpreted as attribute names inside
    the Nix Packages collection. Thus, `nix-shell -p libjpeg openjdk`
    will start a shell in which the packages denoted by the attribute
    names `libjpeg` and `openjdk` are present.

  - `-i` *interpreter*  
    The chained script interpreter to be invoked by `nix-shell`. Only
    applicable in `#!`-scripts (described below).

  - `--keep` *name*  
    When a `--pure` shell is started, keep the listed environment
    variables.

The following common options are supported:

# Environment variables

  - `NIX_BUILD_SHELL`  
    Shell used to start the interactive environment. Defaults to the
    `bash` found in `PATH`.

# Examples

To build the dependencies of the package Pan, and start an interactive
shell in which to build it:

```console
$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' -A pan
[nix-shell]$ unpackPhase
[nix-shell]$ cd pan-*
[nix-shell]$ configurePhase
[nix-shell]$ buildPhase
[nix-shell]$ ./pan/gui/pan
```

To clear the environment first, and do some additional automatic
initialisation of the interactive shell:

```console
$ nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' -A pan --pure \
    --command 'export NIX_DEBUG=1; export NIX_CORES=8; return'
```

Nix expressions can also be given on the command line using the `-E` and
`-p` flags. For instance, the following starts a shell containing the
packages `sqlite` and `libX11`:

```console
$ nix-shell -E 'with import <nixpkgs> { }; runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ sqlite xorg.libX11 ]; } ""'
```

A shorter way to do the same is:

```console
$ nix-shell -p sqlite xorg.libX11
[nix-shell]$ echo $NIX_LDFLAGS
… -L/nix/store/j1zg5v…-sqlite-3.8.0.2/lib -L/nix/store/0gmcz9…-libX11-1.6.1/lib …
```

Note that `-p` accepts multiple full nix expressions that are valid in
the `buildInputs = [ ... ]` shown above, not only package names. So the
following is also legal:

```console
$ nix-shell -p sqlite 'git.override { withManual = false; }'
```

The `-p` flag looks up Nixpkgs in the Nix search path. You can override
it by passing `-I` or setting `NIX_PATH`. For example, the following
gives you a shell containing the Pan package from a specific revision of
Nixpkgs:

```console
$ nix-shell -p pan -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/8a3eea054838b55aca962c3fbde9c83c102b8bf2.tar.gz

[nix-shell:~]$ pan --version
Pan 0.139
```

# Use as a `#!`-interpreter

You can use `nix-shell` as a script interpreter to allow scripts written
in arbitrary languages to obtain their own dependencies via Nix. This is
done by starting the script with the following lines:

```bash
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i real-interpreter -p packages
```

where *real-interpreter* is the “real” script interpreter that will be
invoked by `nix-shell` after it has obtained the dependencies and
initialised the environment, and *packages* are the attribute names of
the dependencies in Nixpkgs.

The lines starting with `#! nix-shell` specify `nix-shell` options (see
above). Note that you cannot write `#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell -i ...`
because many operating systems only allow one argument in `#!` lines.

For example, here is a Python script that depends on Python and the
`prettytable` package:

```python
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i python -p python pythonPackages.prettytable

import prettytable

# Print a simple table.
t = prettytable.PrettyTable(["N", "N^2"])
for n in range(1, 10): t.add_row([n, n * n])
print t
```

Similarly, the following is a Perl script that specifies that it
requires Perl and the `HTML::TokeParser::Simple` and `LWP` packages:

```perl
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i perl -p perl perlPackages.HTMLTokeParserSimple perlPackages.LWP

use HTML::TokeParser::Simple;

# Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
my $p = HTML::TokeParser::Simple->new(url => 'http://nixos.org/');

while (my $token = $p->get_tag("a")) {
    my $href = $token->get_attr("href");
    print "$href\n" if $href;
}
```

Sometimes you need to pass a simple Nix expression to customize a
package like Terraform:

```bash
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i bash -p "terraform.withPlugins (plugins: [ plugins.openstack ])"

terraform apply
```

> **Note**
>
> You must use double quotes (`"`) when passing a simple Nix expression
> in a nix-shell shebang.

Finally, using the merging of multiple nix-shell shebangs the following
Haskell script uses a specific branch of Nixpkgs/NixOS (the 20.03 stable
branch):

```haskell
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i runghc -p "haskellPackages.ghcWithPackages (ps: [ps.download-curl ps.tagsoup])"
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-20.03.tar.gz

import Network.Curl.Download
import Text.HTML.TagSoup
import Data.Either
import Data.ByteString.Char8 (unpack)

-- Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
main = do
  resp <- openURI "https://nixos.org/"
  let tags = filter (isTagOpenName "a") $ parseTags $ unpack $ fromRight undefined resp
  let tags' = map (fromAttrib "href") tags
  mapM_ putStrLn $ filter (/= "") tags'
```

If you want to be even more precise, you can specify a specific revision
of Nixpkgs:

    #! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/0672315759b3e15e2121365f067c1c8c56bb4722.tar.gz

The examples above all used `-p` to get dependencies from Nixpkgs. You
can also use a Nix expression to build your own dependencies. For
example, the Python example could have been written as:

```python
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell deps.nix -i python
```

where the file `deps.nix` in the same directory as the `#!`-script
contains:

```nix
with import <nixpkgs> {};

runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ python pythonPackages.prettytable ]; } ""
```