forked from lix-project/lix
Merge pull request #6863 from fricklerhandwerk/remove-writing-expressions
manual: remove "Writing Nix Expressions" chapter
This commit is contained in:
Eelco Dolstra
GitHub
commit
c9b24f0c17
25 changed files with 124 additions and 543 deletions
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@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ $(d)/conf-file.json: $(bindir)/nix
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$(trace-gen) $(dummy-env) $(bindir)/nix show-config --json --experimental-features nix-command > $@.tmp
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@mv $@.tmp $@
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$(d)/src/expressions/builtins.md: $(d)/builtins.json $(d)/generate-builtins.nix $(d)/src/expressions/builtins-prefix.md $(bindir)/nix
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@cat doc/manual/src/expressions/builtins-prefix.md > $@.tmp
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$(d)/src/language/builtins.md: $(d)/builtins.json $(d)/generate-builtins.nix $(d)/src/language/builtins-prefix.md $(bindir)/nix
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@cat doc/manual/src/language/builtins-prefix.md > $@.tmp
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$(trace-gen) $(nix-eval) --expr 'import doc/manual/generate-builtins.nix (builtins.fromJSON (builtins.readFile $<))' >> $@.tmp
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@cat doc/manual/src/expressions/builtins-suffix.md >> $@.tmp
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@cat doc/manual/src/language/builtins-suffix.md >> $@.tmp
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@mv $@.tmp $@
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$(d)/builtins.json: $(bindir)/nix
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@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ doc/manual/generated/man1/nix3-manpages: $(d)/src/command-ref/new-cli
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done
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@touch $@
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$(docdir)/manual/index.html: $(MANUAL_SRCS) $(d)/book.toml $(d)/anchors.jq $(d)/custom.css $(d)/src/SUMMARY.md $(d)/src/command-ref/new-cli $(d)/src/command-ref/conf-file.md $(d)/src/expressions/builtins.md $(call rwildcard, $(d)/src, *.md)
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$(docdir)/manual/index.html: $(MANUAL_SRCS) $(d)/book.toml $(d)/anchors.jq $(d)/custom.css $(d)/src/SUMMARY.md $(d)/src/command-ref/new-cli $(d)/src/command-ref/conf-file.md $(d)/src/language/builtins.md $(call rwildcard, $(d)/src, *.md)
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$(trace-gen) RUST_LOG=warn mdbook build doc/manual -d $(DESTDIR)$(docdir)/manual
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endif
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@ -132,113 +132,106 @@ var redirects = {
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"#sec-common-options": "command-ref/opt-common.html",
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"#ch-utilities": "command-ref/utilities.html",
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"#chap-hacking": "contributing/hacking.html",
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"#adv-attr-allowSubstitutes": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-allowSubstitutes",
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"#adv-attr-allowedReferences": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-allowedReferences",
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"#adv-attr-allowedRequisites": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-allowedRequisites",
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"#adv-attr-disallowedReferences": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-disallowedReferences",
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"#adv-attr-disallowedRequisites": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-disallowedRequisites",
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"#adv-attr-exportReferencesGraph": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-exportReferencesGraph",
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"#adv-attr-impureEnvVars": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-impureEnvVars",
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"#adv-attr-outputHash": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHash",
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"#adv-attr-outputHashAlgo": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHashAlgo",
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"#adv-attr-outputHashMode": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHashMode",
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"#adv-attr-passAsFile": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-passAsFile",
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"#adv-attr-preferLocalBuild": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-preferLocalBuild",
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"#fixed-output-drvs": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHash",
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"#sec-advanced-attributes": "expressions/advanced-attributes.html",
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"#sec-arguments": "expressions/arguments-variables.html",
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"#sec-build-script": "expressions/build-script.html",
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"#builtin-abort": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-abort",
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"#builtin-add": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-add",
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"#builtin-all": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-all",
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"#builtin-any": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-any",
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"#builtin-attrNames": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-attrNames",
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"#builtin-attrValues": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-attrValues",
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"#builtin-baseNameOf": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-baseNameOf",
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"#builtin-bitAnd": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-bitAnd",
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"#builtin-bitOr": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-bitOr",
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"#builtin-bitXor": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-bitXor",
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"#builtin-builtins": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-builtins",
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"#builtin-compareVersions": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-compareVersions",
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"#builtin-concatLists": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-concatLists",
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"#builtin-concatStringsSep": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-concatStringsSep",
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"#builtin-currentSystem": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-currentSystem",
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"#builtin-deepSeq": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-deepSeq",
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"#builtin-derivation": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-derivation",
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"#builtin-dirOf": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-dirOf",
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"#builtin-div": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-div",
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"#builtin-elem": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-elem",
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"#builtin-elemAt": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-elemAt",
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"#builtin-fetchGit": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-fetchGit",
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"#builtin-fetchTarball": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-fetchTarball",
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"#builtin-fetchurl": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-fetchurl",
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"#builtin-filterSource": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-filterSource",
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"#builtin-foldl-prime": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-foldl-prime",
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"#builtin-fromJSON": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-fromJSON",
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"#builtin-functionArgs": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-functionArgs",
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"#builtin-genList": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-genList",
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"#builtin-getAttr": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-getAttr",
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"#builtin-getEnv": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-getEnv",
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"#builtin-hasAttr": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-hasAttr",
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"#builtin-hashFile": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-hashFile",
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"#builtin-hashString": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-hashString",
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"#builtin-head": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-head",
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"#builtin-import": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-import",
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"#builtin-intersectAttrs": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-intersectAttrs",
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"#builtin-isAttrs": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isAttrs",
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"#builtin-isBool": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isBool",
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"#builtin-isFloat": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isFloat",
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"#builtin-isFunction": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isFunction",
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"#builtin-isInt": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isInt",
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"#builtin-isList": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isList",
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"#builtin-isNull": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isNull",
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"#builtin-isString": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-isString",
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"#builtin-length": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-length",
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"#builtin-lessThan": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-lessThan",
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"#builtin-listToAttrs": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-listToAttrs",
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"#builtin-map": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-map",
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"#builtin-match": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-match",
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"#builtin-mul": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-mul",
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"#builtin-parseDrvName": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-parseDrvName",
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"#builtin-path": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-path",
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"#builtin-pathExists": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-pathExists",
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"#builtin-placeholder": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-placeholder",
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"#builtin-readDir": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-readDir",
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"#builtin-readFile": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-readFile",
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"#builtin-removeAttrs": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-removeAttrs",
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"#builtin-replaceStrings": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-replaceStrings",
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"#builtin-seq": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-seq",
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"#builtin-sort": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-sort",
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"#builtin-split": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-split",
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"#builtin-splitVersion": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-splitVersion",
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"#builtin-stringLength": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-stringLength",
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"#builtin-sub": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-sub",
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"#builtin-substring": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-substring",
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"#builtin-tail": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-tail",
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"#builtin-throw": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-throw",
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"#builtin-toFile": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-toFile",
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"#builtin-toJSON": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-toJSON",
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"#builtin-toPath": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-toPath",
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"#builtin-toString": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-toString",
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"#builtin-toXML": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-toXML",
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"#builtin-trace": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-trace",
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"#builtin-tryEval": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-tryEval",
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"#builtin-typeOf": "expressions/builtins.html#builtins-typeOf",
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"#ssec-builtins": "expressions/builtins.html",
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"#attr-system": "expressions/derivations.html#attr-system",
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"#ssec-derivation": "expressions/derivations.html",
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"#ch-expression-language": "expressions/expression-language.html",
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"#sec-expression-syntax": "expressions/expression-syntax.html",
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"#sec-generic-builder": "expressions/generic-builder.html",
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"#sec-constructs": "expressions/language-constructs.html",
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"#sect-let-expressions": "expressions/language-constructs.html#let-expressions",
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"#ss-functions": "expressions/language-constructs.html#functions",
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"#sec-language-operators": "expressions/language-operators.html",
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"#table-operators": "expressions/language-operators.html",
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"#ssec-values": "expressions/language-values.html",
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"#sec-building-simple": "expressions/simple-building-testing.html",
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"#ch-simple-expression": "expressions/simple-expression.html",
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"#chap-writing-nix-expressions": "expressions/writing-nix-expressions.html",
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"#adv-attr-allowSubstitutes": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-allowSubstitutes",
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"#adv-attr-allowedReferences": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-allowedReferences",
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"#adv-attr-allowedRequisites": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-allowedRequisites",
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"#adv-attr-disallowedReferences": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-disallowedReferences",
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"#adv-attr-disallowedRequisites": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-disallowedRequisites",
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"#adv-attr-exportReferencesGraph": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-exportReferencesGraph",
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"#adv-attr-impureEnvVars": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-impureEnvVars",
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"#adv-attr-outputHash": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHash",
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"#adv-attr-outputHashAlgo": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHashAlgo",
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"#adv-attr-outputHashMode": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHashMode",
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"#adv-attr-passAsFile": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-passAsFile",
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"#adv-attr-preferLocalBuild": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-preferLocalBuild",
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"#fixed-output-drvs": "language/advanced-attributes.html#adv-attr-outputHash",
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"#sec-advanced-attributes": "language/advanced-attributes.html",
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"#builtin-abort": "language/builtins.html#builtins-abort",
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"#builtin-add": "language/builtins.html#builtins-add",
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"#builtin-all": "language/builtins.html#builtins-all",
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"#builtin-any": "language/builtins.html#builtins-any",
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"#builtin-attrNames": "language/builtins.html#builtins-attrNames",
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"#builtin-attrValues": "language/builtins.html#builtins-attrValues",
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"#builtin-baseNameOf": "language/builtins.html#builtins-baseNameOf",
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"#builtin-bitAnd": "language/builtins.html#builtins-bitAnd",
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"#builtin-bitOr": "language/builtins.html#builtins-bitOr",
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"#builtin-bitXor": "language/builtins.html#builtins-bitXor",
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"#builtin-builtins": "language/builtins.html#builtins-builtins",
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"#builtin-compareVersions": "language/builtins.html#builtins-compareVersions",
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"#builtin-concatLists": "language/builtins.html#builtins-concatLists",
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"#builtin-concatStringsSep": "language/builtins.html#builtins-concatStringsSep",
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"#builtin-currentSystem": "language/builtins.html#builtins-currentSystem",
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"#builtin-deepSeq": "language/builtins.html#builtins-deepSeq",
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"#builtin-derivation": "language/builtins.html#builtins-derivation",
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"#builtin-dirOf": "language/builtins.html#builtins-dirOf",
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"#builtin-div": "language/builtins.html#builtins-div",
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"#builtin-elem": "language/builtins.html#builtins-elem",
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"#builtin-elemAt": "language/builtins.html#builtins-elemAt",
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"#builtin-fetchGit": "language/builtins.html#builtins-fetchGit",
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"#builtin-fetchTarball": "language/builtins.html#builtins-fetchTarball",
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"#builtin-fetchurl": "language/builtins.html#builtins-fetchurl",
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"#builtin-filterSource": "language/builtins.html#builtins-filterSource",
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"#builtin-foldl-prime": "language/builtins.html#builtins-foldl-prime",
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"#builtin-fromJSON": "language/builtins.html#builtins-fromJSON",
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"#builtin-functionArgs": "language/builtins.html#builtins-functionArgs",
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"#builtin-genList": "language/builtins.html#builtins-genList",
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"#builtin-getAttr": "language/builtins.html#builtins-getAttr",
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"#builtin-getEnv": "language/builtins.html#builtins-getEnv",
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"#builtin-hasAttr": "language/builtins.html#builtins-hasAttr",
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"#builtin-hashFile": "language/builtins.html#builtins-hashFile",
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"#builtin-hashString": "language/builtins.html#builtins-hashString",
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"#builtin-head": "language/builtins.html#builtins-head",
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"#builtin-import": "language/builtins.html#builtins-import",
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"#builtin-intersectAttrs": "language/builtins.html#builtins-intersectAttrs",
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"#builtin-isAttrs": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isAttrs",
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"#builtin-isBool": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isBool",
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"#builtin-isFloat": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isFloat",
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"#builtin-isFunction": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isFunction",
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"#builtin-isInt": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isInt",
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"#builtin-isList": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isList",
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"#builtin-isNull": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isNull",
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"#builtin-isString": "language/builtins.html#builtins-isString",
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"#builtin-length": "language/builtins.html#builtins-length",
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"#builtin-lessThan": "language/builtins.html#builtins-lessThan",
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"#builtin-listToAttrs": "language/builtins.html#builtins-listToAttrs",
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"#builtin-map": "language/builtins.html#builtins-map",
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"#builtin-match": "language/builtins.html#builtins-match",
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"#builtin-mul": "language/builtins.html#builtins-mul",
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"#builtin-parseDrvName": "language/builtins.html#builtins-parseDrvName",
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"#builtin-path": "language/builtins.html#builtins-path",
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"#builtin-pathExists": "language/builtins.html#builtins-pathExists",
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"#builtin-placeholder": "language/builtins.html#builtins-placeholder",
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"#builtin-readDir": "language/builtins.html#builtins-readDir",
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"#builtin-readFile": "language/builtins.html#builtins-readFile",
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"#builtin-removeAttrs": "language/builtins.html#builtins-removeAttrs",
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"#builtin-replaceStrings": "language/builtins.html#builtins-replaceStrings",
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"#builtin-seq": "language/builtins.html#builtins-seq",
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"#builtin-sort": "language/builtins.html#builtins-sort",
|
||||
"#builtin-split": "language/builtins.html#builtins-split",
|
||||
"#builtin-splitVersion": "language/builtins.html#builtins-splitVersion",
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||||
"#builtin-stringLength": "language/builtins.html#builtins-stringLength",
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||||
"#builtin-sub": "language/builtins.html#builtins-sub",
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"#builtin-substring": "language/builtins.html#builtins-substring",
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"#builtin-tail": "language/builtins.html#builtins-tail",
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"#builtin-throw": "language/builtins.html#builtins-throw",
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"#builtin-toFile": "language/builtins.html#builtins-toFile",
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"#builtin-toJSON": "language/builtins.html#builtins-toJSON",
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||||
"#builtin-toPath": "language/builtins.html#builtins-toPath",
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"#builtin-toString": "language/builtins.html#builtins-toString",
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||||
"#builtin-toXML": "language/builtins.html#builtins-toXML",
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||||
"#builtin-trace": "language/builtins.html#builtins-trace",
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||||
"#builtin-tryEval": "language/builtins.html#builtins-tryEval",
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||||
"#builtin-typeOf": "language/builtins.html#builtins-typeOf",
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||||
"#ssec-builtins": "language/builtins.html",
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||||
"#attr-system": "language/derivations.html#attr-system",
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||||
"#ssec-derivation": "language/derivations.html",
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||||
"#ch-expression-language": "language/index.html",
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"#sec-constructs": "language/constructs.html",
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||||
"#sect-let-language": "language/constructs.html#let-language",
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||||
"#ss-functions": "language/constructs.html#functions",
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"#sec-language-operators": "language/operators.html",
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||||
"#table-operators": "language/operators.html",
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||||
"#ssec-values": "language/values.html",
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"#gloss-closure": "glossary.html#gloss-closure",
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||||
"#gloss-derivation": "glossary.html#gloss-derivation",
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||||
"#gloss-deriver": "glossary.html#gloss-deriver",
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@ -26,21 +26,14 @@
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|||
- [Copying Closures via SSH](package-management/copy-closure.md)
|
||||
- [Serving a Nix store via SSH](package-management/ssh-substituter.md)
|
||||
- [Serving a Nix store via S3](package-management/s3-substituter.md)
|
||||
- [Writing Nix Expressions](expressions/writing-nix-expressions.md)
|
||||
- [A Simple Nix Expression](expressions/simple-expression.md)
|
||||
- [Expression Syntax](expressions/expression-syntax.md)
|
||||
- [Build Script](expressions/build-script.md)
|
||||
- [Arguments and Variables](expressions/arguments-variables.md)
|
||||
- [Building and Testing](expressions/simple-building-testing.md)
|
||||
- [Generic Builder Syntax](expressions/generic-builder.md)
|
||||
- [Nix Expression Language](expressions/expression-language.md)
|
||||
- [Data Types](expressions/language-values.md)
|
||||
- [Language Constructs](expressions/language-constructs.md)
|
||||
- [Operators](expressions/language-operators.md)
|
||||
- [Derivations](expressions/derivations.md)
|
||||
- [Advanced Attributes](expressions/advanced-attributes.md)
|
||||
- [Built-in Constants](expressions/builtin-constants.md)
|
||||
- [Built-in Functions](expressions/builtins.md)
|
||||
- [Nix Language](language/index.md)
|
||||
- [Data Types](language/values.md)
|
||||
- [Language Constructs](language/constructs.md)
|
||||
- [Operators](language/operators.md)
|
||||
- [Derivations](language/derivations.md)
|
||||
- [Advanced Attributes](language/advanced-attributes.md)
|
||||
- [Built-in Constants](language/builtin-constants.md)
|
||||
- [Built-in Functions](language/builtins.md)
|
||||
- [Advanced Topics](advanced-topics/advanced-topics.md)
|
||||
- [Remote Builds](advanced-topics/distributed-builds.md)
|
||||
- [Tuning Cores and Jobs](advanced-topics/cores-vs-jobs.md)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ a number of possible ways:
|
|||
another.
|
||||
|
||||
- If `--from-expression` is given, *args* are Nix
|
||||
[functions](../expressions/language-constructs.md#functions)
|
||||
[functions](../language/constructs.md#functions)
|
||||
that are called with the active Nix expression as their single
|
||||
argument. The derivations returned by those function calls are
|
||||
installed. This allows derivations to be specified in an
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ standard input.
|
|||
- `--strict`\
|
||||
When used with `--eval`, recursively evaluate list elements and
|
||||
attributes. Normally, such sub-expressions are left unevaluated
|
||||
(since the Nix expression language is lazy).
|
||||
(since the Nix language is lazy).
|
||||
|
||||
> **Warning**
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
|
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ standard input.
|
|||
When used with `--eval`, print the resulting value as an XML
|
||||
representation of the abstract syntax tree rather than as an ATerm.
|
||||
The schema is the same as that used by the [`toXML`
|
||||
built-in](../expressions/builtins.md).
|
||||
built-in](../language/builtins.md).
|
||||
|
||||
- `--read-write-mode`\
|
||||
When used with `--eval`, perform evaluation in read/write mode so
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Special exit codes:
|
|||
- `102`\
|
||||
Hash mismatch, the build output was rejected because it does not
|
||||
match the [`outputHash` attribute of the
|
||||
derivation](../expressions/advanced-attributes.md).
|
||||
derivation](../language/advanced-attributes.md).
|
||||
|
||||
- `104`\
|
||||
Not deterministic, the build succeeded in check mode but the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:
|
|||
expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that
|
||||
it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every
|
||||
argument has a [default
|
||||
value](../expressions/language-constructs.md#functions) (e.g.,
|
||||
value](../language/constructs.md#functions) (e.g.,
|
||||
`{ argName ? defaultValue }: ...`). With `--arg`, you can also
|
||||
call functions that have arguments without a default value (or
|
||||
override a default value). That is, if the evaluator encounters a
|
||||
|
|
@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:
|
|||
|
||||
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do `nix-env -iA
|
||||
pkgname`), the function will be called automatically using the
|
||||
value [`builtins.currentSystem`](../expressions/builtins.md) for
|
||||
value [`builtins.currentSystem`](../language/builtins.md) for
|
||||
the `system` argument. You can override this using `--arg`, e.g.,
|
||||
`nix-env -iA pkgname --arg system \"i686-freebsd\"`. (Note that
|
||||
since the argument is a Nix string literal, you have to escape the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Arguments and Variables
|
||||
|
||||
The [Nix expression for GNU Hello](expression-syntax.md) is a
|
||||
function; it is missing some arguments that have to be filled in
|
||||
somewhere. In the Nix Packages collection this is done in the file
|
||||
`pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix`, where all Nix expressions for
|
||||
packages are imported and called with the appropriate arguments. Here
|
||||
are some fragments of `all-packages.nix`, with annotations of what
|
||||
they mean:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
rec { ①
|
||||
|
||||
hello = import ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 ② { ③
|
||||
inherit fetchurl stdenv perl;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
perl = import ../development/interpreters/perl { ④
|
||||
inherit fetchurl stdenv;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
fetchurl = import ../build-support/fetchurl {
|
||||
inherit stdenv; ...
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
stdenv = ...;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
1. This file defines a set of attributes, all of which are concrete
|
||||
derivations (i.e., not functions). In fact, we define a *mutually
|
||||
recursive* set of attributes. That is, the attributes can refer to
|
||||
each other. This is precisely what we want since we want to “plug”
|
||||
the various packages into each other.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Here we *import* the Nix expression for GNU Hello. The import
|
||||
operation just loads and returns the specified Nix expression. In
|
||||
fact, we could just have put the contents of the Nix expression
|
||||
for GNU Hello in `all-packages.nix` at this point. That would be
|
||||
completely equivalent, but it would make `all-packages.nix` rather
|
||||
bulky.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that we refer to `../applications/misc/hello/ex-1`, not
|
||||
`../applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix`. When you try to
|
||||
import a directory, Nix automatically appends `/default.nix` to the
|
||||
file name.
|
||||
|
||||
3. This is where the actual composition takes place. Here we *call* the
|
||||
function imported from `../applications/misc/hello/ex-1` with a set
|
||||
containing the things that the function expects, namely `fetchurl`,
|
||||
`stdenv`, and `perl`. We use inherit again to use the attributes
|
||||
defined in the surrounding scope (we could also have written
|
||||
`fetchurl = fetchurl;`, etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
The result of this function call is an actual derivation that can be
|
||||
built by Nix (since when we fill in the arguments of the function,
|
||||
what we get is its body, which is the call to `stdenv.mkDerivation`
|
||||
in the [Nix expression for GNU Hello](expression-syntax.md)).
|
||||
|
||||
> **Note**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Nixpkgs has a convenience function `callPackage` that imports and
|
||||
> calls a function, filling in any missing arguments by passing the
|
||||
> corresponding attribute from the Nixpkgs set, like this:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ```nix
|
||||
> hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { };
|
||||
> ```
|
||||
>
|
||||
> If necessary, you can set or override arguments:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ```nix
|
||||
> hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { stdenv = myStdenv; };
|
||||
> ```
|
||||
|
||||
4. Likewise, we have to instantiate Perl, `fetchurl`, and the standard
|
||||
environment.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Build Script
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the builder referenced from Hello's Nix expression (stored in
|
||||
`pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/builder.sh`):
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
source $stdenv/setup ①
|
||||
|
||||
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH ②
|
||||
|
||||
tar xvfz $src ③
|
||||
cd hello-*
|
||||
./configure --prefix=$out ④
|
||||
make ⑤
|
||||
make install
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The builder can actually be made a lot shorter by using the *generic
|
||||
builder* functions provided by `stdenv`, but here we write out the build
|
||||
steps to elucidate what a builder does. It performs the following steps:
|
||||
|
||||
1. When Nix runs a builder, it initially completely clears the
|
||||
environment (except for the attributes declared in the derivation).
|
||||
This is done to prevent undeclared inputs from being used in the
|
||||
build process. If for example the `PATH` contained `/usr/bin`, then
|
||||
you might accidentally use `/usr/bin/gcc`.
|
||||
|
||||
So the first step is to set up the environment. This is done by
|
||||
calling the `setup` script of the standard environment. The
|
||||
environment variable `stdenv` points to the location of the
|
||||
standard environment being used. (It wasn't specified explicitly
|
||||
as an attribute in Hello's Nix expression, but `mkDerivation` adds
|
||||
it automatically.)
|
||||
|
||||
2. Since Hello needs Perl, we have to make sure that Perl is in the
|
||||
`PATH`. The `perl` environment variable points to the location of
|
||||
the Perl package (since it was passed in as an attribute to the
|
||||
derivation), so `$perl/bin` is the directory containing the Perl
|
||||
interpreter.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Now we have to unpack the sources. The `src` attribute was bound to
|
||||
the result of fetching the Hello source tarball from the network, so
|
||||
the `src` environment variable points to the location in the Nix
|
||||
store to which the tarball was downloaded. After unpacking, we `cd`
|
||||
to the resulting source directory.
|
||||
|
||||
The whole build is performed in a temporary directory created in
|
||||
`/tmp`, by the way. This directory is removed after the builder
|
||||
finishes, so there is no need to clean up the sources afterwards.
|
||||
Also, the temporary directory is always newly created, so you don't
|
||||
have to worry about files from previous builds interfering with the
|
||||
current build.
|
||||
|
||||
4. GNU Hello is a typical Autoconf-based package, so we first have to
|
||||
run its `configure` script. In Nix every package is stored in a
|
||||
separate location in the Nix store, for instance
|
||||
`/nix/store/9a54ba97fb71b65fda531012d0443ce2-hello-2.1.1`. Nix
|
||||
computes this path by cryptographically hashing all attributes of
|
||||
the derivation. The path is passed to the builder through the `out`
|
||||
environment variable. So here we give `configure` the parameter
|
||||
`--prefix=$out` to cause Hello to be installed in the expected
|
||||
location.
|
||||
|
||||
5. Finally we build Hello (`make`) and install it into the location
|
||||
specified by `out` (`make install`).
|
||||
|
||||
If you are wondering about the absence of error checking on the result
|
||||
of various commands called in the builder: this is because the shell
|
||||
script is evaluated with Bash's `-e` option, which causes the script to
|
||||
be aborted if any command fails without an error check.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Expression Syntax
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a Nix expression for GNU Hello:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{ stdenv, fetchurl, perl }: ①
|
||||
|
||||
stdenv.mkDerivation { ②
|
||||
name = "hello-2.1.1"; ③
|
||||
builder = ./builder.sh; ④
|
||||
src = fetchurl { ⑤
|
||||
url = "ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
|
||||
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
|
||||
};
|
||||
inherit perl; ⑥
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This file is actually already in the Nix Packages collection in
|
||||
`pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix`. It is customary to
|
||||
place each package in a separate directory and call the single Nix
|
||||
expression in that directory `default.nix`. The file has the following
|
||||
elements (referenced from the figure by number):
|
||||
|
||||
1. This states that the expression is a *function* that expects to be
|
||||
called with three arguments: `stdenv`, `fetchurl`, and `perl`. They
|
||||
are needed to build Hello, but we don't know how to build them here;
|
||||
that's why they are function arguments. `stdenv` is a package that
|
||||
is used by almost all Nix Packages; it provides a
|
||||
“standard” environment consisting of the things you would expect
|
||||
in a basic Unix environment: a C/C++ compiler (GCC, to be precise),
|
||||
the Bash shell, fundamental Unix tools such as `cp`, `grep`, `tar`,
|
||||
etc. `fetchurl` is a function that downloads files. `perl` is the
|
||||
Perl interpreter.
|
||||
|
||||
Nix functions generally have the form `{ x, y, ..., z }: e` where
|
||||
`x`, `y`, etc. are the names of the expected arguments, and where
|
||||
*e* is the body of the function. So here, the entire remainder of
|
||||
the file is the body of the function; when given the required
|
||||
arguments, the body should describe how to build an instance of
|
||||
the Hello package.
|
||||
|
||||
2. So we have to build a package. Building something from other stuff
|
||||
is called a *derivation* in Nix (as opposed to sources, which are
|
||||
built by humans instead of computers). We perform a derivation by
|
||||
calling `stdenv.mkDerivation`. `mkDerivation` is a function
|
||||
provided by `stdenv` that builds a package from a set of
|
||||
*attributes*. A set is just a list of key/value pairs where each
|
||||
key is a string and each value is an arbitrary Nix
|
||||
expression. They take the general form `{ name1 = expr1; ...
|
||||
nameN = exprN; }`.
|
||||
|
||||
3. The attribute `name` specifies the symbolic name and version of
|
||||
the package. Nix doesn't really care about these things, but they
|
||||
are used by for instance `nix-env -q` to show a “human-readable”
|
||||
name for packages. This attribute is required by `mkDerivation`.
|
||||
|
||||
4. The attribute `builder` specifies the builder. This attribute can
|
||||
sometimes be omitted, in which case `mkDerivation` will fill in a
|
||||
default builder (which does a `configure; make; make install`, in
|
||||
essence). Hello is sufficiently simple that the default builder
|
||||
would suffice, but in this case, we will show an actual builder
|
||||
for educational purposes. The value `./builder.sh` refers to the
|
||||
shell script shown in the [next section](build-script.md),
|
||||
discussed below.
|
||||
|
||||
5. The builder has to know what the sources of the package are. Here,
|
||||
the attribute `src` is bound to the result of a call to the
|
||||
`fetchurl` function. Given a URL and a SHA-256 hash of the expected
|
||||
contents of the file at that URL, this function builds a derivation
|
||||
that downloads the file and checks its hash. So the sources are a
|
||||
dependency that like all other dependencies is built before Hello
|
||||
itself is built.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of `src` any other name could have been used, and in fact
|
||||
there can be any number of sources (bound to different attributes).
|
||||
However, `src` is customary, and it's also expected by the default
|
||||
builder (which we don't use in this example).
|
||||
|
||||
6. Since the derivation requires Perl, we have to pass the value of the
|
||||
`perl` function argument to the builder. All attributes in the set
|
||||
are actually passed as environment variables to the builder, so
|
||||
declaring an attribute
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
perl = perl;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
will do the trick: it binds an attribute `perl` to the function
|
||||
argument which also happens to be called `perl`. However, it looks a
|
||||
bit silly, so there is a shorter syntax. The `inherit` keyword
|
||||
causes the specified attributes to be bound to whatever variables
|
||||
with the same name happen to be in scope.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Generic Builder Syntax
|
||||
|
||||
Recall that the [build script for GNU Hello](build-script.md) looked
|
||||
something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
|
||||
tar xvfz $src
|
||||
cd hello-*
|
||||
./configure --prefix=$out
|
||||
make
|
||||
make install
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The builders for almost all Unix packages look like this — set up some
|
||||
environment variables, unpack the sources, configure, build, and
|
||||
install. For this reason the standard environment provides some Bash
|
||||
functions that automate the build process. Here is what a builder using
|
||||
the generic build facilities looks like:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
buildInputs="$perl" ①
|
||||
|
||||
source $stdenv/setup ②
|
||||
|
||||
genericBuild ③
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here is what each line means:
|
||||
|
||||
1. The `buildInputs` variable tells `setup` to use the indicated
|
||||
packages as “inputs”. This means that if a package provides a `bin`
|
||||
subdirectory, it's added to `PATH`; if it has a `include`
|
||||
subdirectory, it's added to GCC's header search path; and so on.
|
||||
(This is implemented in a modular way: `setup` tries to source the
|
||||
file `pkg/nix-support/setup-hook` of all dependencies. These “setup
|
||||
hooks” can then set up whatever environment variables they want; for
|
||||
instance, the setup hook for Perl sets the `PERL5LIB` environment
|
||||
variable to contain the `lib/site_perl` directories of all inputs.)
|
||||
|
||||
2. The function `genericBuild` is defined in the file `$stdenv/setup`.
|
||||
|
||||
3. The final step calls the shell function `genericBuild`, which
|
||||
performs the steps that were done explicitly in the previous build
|
||||
script. The generic builder is smart enough to figure out whether
|
||||
to unpack the sources using `gzip`, `bzip2`, etc. It can be
|
||||
customised in many ways; see the Nixpkgs manual for details.
|
||||
|
||||
Discerning readers will note that the `buildInputs` could just as well
|
||||
have been set in the Nix expression, like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
buildInputs = [ perl ];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The `perl` attribute can then be removed, and the builder becomes even
|
||||
shorter:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
source $stdenv/setup
|
||||
genericBuild
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In fact, `mkDerivation` provides a default builder that looks exactly
|
||||
like that, so it is actually possible to omit the builder for Hello
|
||||
entirely.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Building and Testing
|
||||
|
||||
You can now try to build Hello. Of course, you could do `nix-env -f . -iA
|
||||
hello`, but you may not want to install a possibly broken package just
|
||||
yet. The best way to test the package is by using the command
|
||||
`nix-build`, which builds a Nix expression and creates a symlink named
|
||||
`result` in the current directory:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ nix-build -A hello
|
||||
building path `/nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1'
|
||||
hello-2.1.1/
|
||||
hello-2.1.1/intl/
|
||||
hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls -l result
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx ... 2006-09-29 10:43 result -> /nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./result/bin/hello
|
||||
Hello, world!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The `-A` option selects the `hello` attribute. This is faster than
|
||||
using the symbolic package name specified by the `name` attribute
|
||||
(which also happens to be `hello`) and is unambiguous (there can be
|
||||
multiple packages with the symbolic name `hello`, but there can be
|
||||
only one attribute in a set named `hello`).
|
||||
|
||||
`nix-build` registers the `./result` symlink as a garbage collection
|
||||
root, so unless and until you delete the `./result` symlink, the output
|
||||
of the build will be safely kept on your system. You can use
|
||||
`nix-build`’s `-o` switch to give the symlink another name.
|
||||
|
||||
Nix has transactional semantics. Once a build finishes successfully, Nix
|
||||
makes a note of this in its database: it registers that the path denoted
|
||||
by `out` is now “valid”. If you try to build the derivation again, Nix
|
||||
will see that the path is already valid and finish immediately. If a
|
||||
build fails, either because it returns a non-zero exit code, because Nix
|
||||
or the builder are killed, or because the machine crashes, then the
|
||||
output paths will not be registered as valid. If you try to build the
|
||||
derivation again, Nix will remove the output paths if they exist (e.g.,
|
||||
because the builder died half-way through `make
|
||||
install`) and try again. Note that there is no “negative caching”: Nix
|
||||
doesn't remember that a build failed, and so a failed build can always
|
||||
be repeated. This is because Nix cannot distinguish between permanent
|
||||
failures (e.g., a compiler error due to a syntax error in the source)
|
||||
and transient failures (e.g., a disk full condition).
|
||||
|
||||
Nix also performs locking. If you run multiple Nix builds
|
||||
simultaneously, and they try to build the same derivation, the first Nix
|
||||
instance that gets there will perform the build, while the others block
|
||||
(or perform other derivations if available) until the build finishes:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
$ nix-build -A hello
|
||||
waiting for lock on `/nix/store/0h5b7hp8d4hqfrw8igvx97x1xawrjnac-hello-2.1.1x'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So it is always safe to run multiple instances of Nix in parallel (which
|
||||
isn’t the case with, say, `make`).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# A Simple Nix Expression
|
||||
|
||||
This section shows how to add and test the [GNU Hello
|
||||
package](http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/hello.html) to the Nix
|
||||
Packages collection. Hello is a program that prints out the text “Hello,
|
||||
world\!”.
|
||||
|
||||
To add a package to the Nix Packages collection, you generally need to
|
||||
do three things:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Write a Nix expression for the package. This is a file that
|
||||
describes all the inputs involved in building the package, such as
|
||||
dependencies, sources, and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Write a *builder*. This is a shell script that builds the package
|
||||
from the inputs. (In fact, it can be written in any language, but
|
||||
typically it's a `bash` shell script.)
|
||||
|
||||
3. Add the package to the file `pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix`. The
|
||||
Nix expression written in the first step is a *function*; it
|
||||
requires other packages in order to build it. In this step you put
|
||||
it all together, i.e., you call the function with the right
|
||||
arguments to build the actual package.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
|
|||
This chapter shows you how to write Nix expressions, which instruct Nix
|
||||
how to build packages. It starts with a simple example (a Nix expression
|
||||
for GNU Hello), and then moves on to a more in-depth look at the Nix
|
||||
expression language.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Note**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> This chapter is mostly about the Nix expression language. For more
|
||||
> extensive information on adding packages to the Nix Packages
|
||||
> collection (such as functions in the standard environment and coding
|
||||
> conventions), please consult [its
|
||||
> manual](http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/).
|
||||
|
|
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
|
|||
- [derivation]{#gloss-derivation}\
|
||||
A description of a build action. The result of a derivation is a
|
||||
store object. Derivations are typically specified in Nix expressions
|
||||
using the [`derivation` primitive](expressions/derivations.md). These are
|
||||
using the [`derivation` primitive](language/derivations.md). These are
|
||||
translated into low-level *store derivations* (implicitly by
|
||||
`nix-env` and `nix-build`, or explicitly by `nix-instantiate`).
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
# Nix Expression Language
|
||||
# Nix Language
|
||||
|
||||
The Nix expression language is a pure, lazy, functional language. Purity
|
||||
The Nix language is a pure, lazy, functional language. Purity
|
||||
means that operations in the language don't have side-effects (for
|
||||
instance, there is no variable assignment). Laziness means that
|
||||
arguments to functions are evaluated only when they are needed.
|
||||
|
|
@ -10,3 +10,4 @@ full-featured, general purpose language. Its main job is to describe
|
|||
packages, compositions of packages, and the variability within packages.
|
||||
|
||||
This section presents the various features of the language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
# Operators
|
||||
|
||||
The table below lists the operators in the Nix expression language, in
|
||||
The table below lists the operators in the Nix language, in
|
||||
order of precedence (from strongest to weakest binding).
|
||||
|
||||
| Name | Syntax | Associativity | Description | Precedence |
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
|
|||
This chapter discusses how to do package management with Nix, i.e.,
|
||||
how to obtain, install, upgrade, and erase packages. This is the
|
||||
“user’s” perspective of the Nix system — people who want to *create*
|
||||
packages should consult the [chapter on writing Nix
|
||||
expressions](../expressions/writing-nix-expressions.md).
|
||||
packages should consult the chapter on the [Nix language](../language/index.md).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue