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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Nix Package Manager Guide</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2" /></head><body><div class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="idm139733328760992"></a>Nix Package Manager Guide</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">Version 3.0</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Eelco</span> <span class="surname">Dolstra</span></h3></div></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2004-2018 Eelco Dolstra</p></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="part"><a href="#chap-introduction">I. Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-about-nix">1. About Nix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#chap-quick-start">2. Quick Start</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#chap-installation">II. Installation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-supported-platforms">3. Supported Platforms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-installing-binary">4. Installing a Binary Distribution</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-single-user-installation">4.1. Single User Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-multi-user-installation">4.2. Multi User Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-macos-installation">4.3. macOS Installation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-macos-installation-change-store-prefix">4.3.1. Change the Nix store path prefix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-macos-installation-encrypted-volume">4.3.2. Use a separate encrypted volume</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-macos-installation-symlink">4.3.3. Symlink the Nix store to a custom location</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-macos-installation-recommended-notes">4.3.4. Notes on the recommended approach</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-nix-install-pinned-version-url">4.4. Installing a pinned Nix version from a URL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sect-nix-install-binary-tarball">4.5. Installing from a binary tarball</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-installing-source">5. Installing Nix from Source</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-prerequisites-source">5.1. Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-obtaining-source">5.2. Obtaining a Source Distribution</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-building-source">5.3. Building Nix from Source</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-nix-security">6. Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-single-user">6.1. Single-User Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-multi-user">6.2. Multi-User Mode</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-env-variables">7. Environment Variables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-nix-ssl-cert-file">7.1. <code class="envar">NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE</code></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-nix-ssl-cert-file-with-nix-daemon-and-macos">7.1.1. <code class="envar">NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE</code> with macOS and the Nix daemon</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-installer-proxy-settings">7.1.2. Proxy Environment Variables</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-upgrading-nix">8. Upgrading Nix</a></span></dt><dt><span class="part"><a href="#chap-package-management">III. Package Management</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-basic-package-mgmt">9. Basic Package Management</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sec-profiles">10. Profiles</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sec-garbage-collection">11. Garbage Collection</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-gc-roots">11.1. Garbage Collector Roots</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sec-channels">12. Channels</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sec-sharing-packages">13. Sharing Packages Between Machines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-binary-cache-substituter">13.1. Serving a Nix store via HTTP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-copy-closure">13.2. Copying Closures Via SSH</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-ssh-substituter">13.3. Serving a Nix store via SSH</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-s3-substituter">13.4. Serving a Nix store via AWS S3 or S3-compatible Service</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-s3-substituter-anonymous-reads">13.4.1. Anonymous Reads to your S3-compatible binary cache</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-s3-substituter-authenticated-reads">13.4.2. Authenticated Reads to your S3 binary cache</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-s3-substituter-authenticated-writes">13.4.3. Authenticated Writes to your S3-compatible binary cache</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#chap-writing-nix-expressions">IV. Writing Nix Expressions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-simple-expression">14. A Simple Nix Expression</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-expression-syntax">14.1. Expression Syntax</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-build-script">14.2. Build Script</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-arguments">14.3. Arguments and Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-building-simple">14.4. Building and Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-generic-builder">14.5. Generic Builder Syntax</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-expression-language">15. Nix Expression Language</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-values">15.1. Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-constructs">15.2. Language Constructs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-language-operators">15.3. Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-derivation">15.4. Derivations</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sec-advanced-attributes">15.4.1. Advanced Attributes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-builtins">15.5. Built-in Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#part-advanced-topics">V. Advanced Topics</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#chap-distributed-builds">16. Remote Builds</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#chap-tuning-cores-and-jobs">17. Tuning Cores and Jobs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#chap-diff-hook">18. Verifying Build Reproducibility with <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#conf-diff-hook">diff-hook</a></code></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300510624">18.1.
Spot-Checking Build Determinism
</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300495744">18.2.
Automatic and Optionally Enforced Determinism Verification
</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#chap-post-build-hook">19. Using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#conf-post-build-hook">post-build-hook</a></code></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#chap-post-build-hook-caveats">19.1. Implementation Caveats</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300481840">19.2. Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300479440">19.3. Set up a Signing Key</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300473952">19.4. Implementing the build hook</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300467040">19.5. Updating Nix Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300464016">19.6. Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#idm139733300459088">19.7. Conclusion</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#part-command-ref">VI. Command Reference</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sec-common-options">20. Common Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sec-common-env">21. Common Environment Variables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-main-commands">22. Main Commands</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-env">nix-env</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — manipulate or query Nix user environments</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-build">nix-build</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — build a Nix expression</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-shell">nix-shell</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — start an interactive shell based on a Nix expression</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-store">nix-store</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — manipulate or query the Nix store</span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-utilities">23. Utilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-channel">nix-channel</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — manage Nix channels</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-collect-garbage">nix-collect-garbage</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — delete unreachable store paths</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-copy-closure">nix-copy-closure</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — copy a closure to or from a remote machine via SSH</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-daemon">nix-daemon</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — Nix multi-user support daemon</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-hash">nix-hash</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — compute the cryptographic hash of a path</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-instantiate">nix-instantiate</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — instantiate store derivations from Nix expressions</span></dt><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-nix-prefetch-url">nix-prefetch-url</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — copy a file from a URL into the store and print its hash</span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ch-files">24. Files</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="refentrytitle"><a href="#sec-conf-file">nix.conf</a></span><span class="refpurpose"> — Nix configuration file</span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#part-glossary">A. Glossary</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#chap-hacking">B. Hacking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#sec-relnotes">C. Nix Release Notes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-2.3">C.1. Release 2.3 (2019-09-04)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-2.2">C.2. Release 2.2 (2019-01-11)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-2.1">C.3. Release 2.1 (2018-09-02)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-2.0">C.4. Release 2.0 (2018-02-22)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.11.10">C.5. Release 1.11.10 (2017-06-12)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.11">C.6. Release 1.11 (2016-01-19)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.10">C.7. Release 1.10 (2015-09-03)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.9">C.8. Release 1.9 (2015-06-12)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.8">C.9. Release 1.8 (2014-12-14)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.7">C.10. Release 1.7 (2014-04-11)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.6.1">C.11. Release 1.6.1 (2013-10-28)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.6.0">C.12. Release 1.6 (2013-09-10)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.5.2">C.13. Release 1.5.2 (2013-05-13)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.5">C.14. Release 1.5 (2013-02-27)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.4">C.15. Release 1.4 (2013-02-26)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.3">C.16. Release 1.3 (2013-01-04)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.2">C.17. Release 1.2 (2012-12-06)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.1">C.18. Release 1.1 (2012-07-18)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-1.0">C.19. Release 1.0 (2012-05-11)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-0.16">C.20. Release 0.16 (2010-08-17)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-0.15">C.21. Release 0.15 (2010-03-17)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-0.14">C.22. Release 0.14 (2010-02-04)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-0.13">C.23. Release 0.13 (2009-11-05)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-0.12">C.24. Release 0.12 (2008-11-20)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ssec-relnotes-0.11">C.25. Release 0.11 (2007-12-31)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.10.1">C.26. Release 0.10.1 (2006-10-11)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.10">C.27. Release 0.10 (2006-10-06)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.9.2">C.28. Release 0.9.2 (2005-09-21)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.9.1">C.29. Release 0.9.1 (2005-09-20)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.9">C.30. Release 0.9 (2005-09-16)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.8.1">C.31. Release 0.8.1 (2005-04-13)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.8">C.32. Release 0.8 (2005-04-11)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.7">C.33. Release 0.7 (2005-01-12)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.6">C.34. Release 0.6 (2004-11-14)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ch-relnotes-0.5">C.35. Release 0.5 and earlier</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="chap-introduction"></a>Part I. Introduction</h1></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-about-nix"></a>Chapter 1. About Nix</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix is a <span class="emphasis"><em>purely functional package manager</em></span>.
This means that it treats packages like values in purely functional
programming languages such as Haskell — they are built by functions
that don’t have side-effects, and they never change after they have
been built. Nix stores packages in the <span class="emphasis"><em>Nix
store</em></span>, usually the directory
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code>, where each package has its own unique
subdirectory such as
</p><pre class="programlisting">
/nix/store/b6gvzjyb2pg0kjfwrjmg1vfhh54ad73z-firefox-33.1/
</pre><p>
where <code class="literal">b6gvzjyb2pg0…</code> is a unique identifier for the
package that captures all its dependencies (it’s a cryptographic hash
of the package’s build dependency graph). This enables many powerful
features.</p><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733302010000"></a>Multiple versions</h2></div></div></div><p>You can have multiple versions or variants of a package
installed at the same time. This is especially important when
different applications have dependencies on different versions of the
same package — it prevents the “DLL hell”. Because of the hashing
scheme, different versions of a package end up in different paths in
the Nix store, so they don’t interfere with each other.</p><p>An important consequence is that operations like upgrading or
uninstalling an application cannot break other applications, since
these operations never “destructively” update or delete files that are
used by other packages.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733302007296"></a>Complete dependencies</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix helps you make sure that package dependency specifications
are complete. In general, when you’re making a package for a package
management system like RPM, you have to specify for each package what
its dependencies are, but there are no guarantees that this
specification is complete. If you forget a dependency, then the
package will build and work correctly on <span class="emphasis"><em>your</em></span>
machine if you have the dependency installed, but not on the end
user's machine if it's not there.</p><p>Since Nix on the other hand doesn’t install packages in “global”
locations like <code class="filename">/usr/bin</code> but in package-specific
directories, the risk of incomplete dependencies is greatly reduced.
This is because tools such as compilers don’t search in per-packages
directories such as
<code class="filename">/nix/store/5lbfaxb722zp…-openssl-0.9.8d/include</code>,
so if a package builds correctly on your system, this is because you
specified the dependency explicitly. This takes care of the build-time
dependencies.</p><p>Once a package is built, runtime dependencies are found by
scanning binaries for the hash parts of Nix store paths (such as
<code class="literal">r8vvq9kq…</code>). This sounds risky, but it works
extremely well.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733302002080"></a>Multi-user support</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix has multi-user support. This means that non-privileged
users can securely install software. Each user can have a different
<span class="emphasis"><em>profile</em></span>, a set of packages in the Nix store that
appear in the user’s <code class="envar">PATH</code>. If a user installs a
package that another user has already installed previously, the
package won’t be built or downloaded a second time. At the same time,
it is not possible for one user to inject a Trojan horse into a
package that might be used by another user.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301999344"></a>Atomic upgrades and rollbacks</h2></div></div></div><p>Since package management operations never overwrite packages in
the Nix store but just add new versions in different paths, they are
<span class="emphasis"><em>atomic</em></span>. So during a package upgrade, there is no
time window in which the package has some files from the old version
and some files from the new version — which would be bad because a
program might well crash if it’s started during that period.</p><p>And since packages aren’t overwritten, the old versions are still
there after an upgrade. This means that you can <span class="emphasis"><em>roll
back</em></span> to the old version:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --upgrade <em class="replaceable"><code>some-packages</code></em>
$ nix-env --rollback
</pre></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301995248"></a>Garbage collection</h2></div></div></div><p>When you uninstall a package like this…
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --uninstall firefox
</pre><p>
the package isn’t deleted from the system right away (after all, you
might want to do a rollback, or it might be in the profiles of other
users). Instead, unused packages can be deleted safely by running the
<span class="emphasis"><em>garbage collector</em></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-collect-garbage
</pre><p>
This deletes all packages that aren’t in use by any user profile or by
a currently running program.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301992112"></a>Functional package language</h2></div></div></div><p>Packages are built from <span class="emphasis"><em>Nix expressions</em></span>,
which is a simple functional language. A Nix expression describes
everything that goes into a package build action (a “derivation”):
other packages, sources, the build script, environment variables for
the build script, etc. Nix tries very hard to ensure that Nix
expressions are <span class="emphasis"><em>deterministic</em></span>: building a Nix
expression twice should yield the same result.</p><p>Because it’s a functional language, it’s easy to support
building variants of a package: turn the Nix expression into a
function and call it any number of times with the appropriate
arguments. Due to the hashing scheme, variants don’t conflict with
each other in the Nix store.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301988512"></a>Transparent source/binary deployment</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix expressions generally describe how to build a package from
source, so an installation action like
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --install firefox
</pre><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span> cause quite a bit of build activity, as not
only Firefox but also all its dependencies (all the way up to the C
library and the compiler) would have to built, at least if they are
not already in the Nix store. This is a <span class="emphasis"><em>source deployment
model</em></span>. For most users, building from source is not very
pleasant as it takes far too long. However, Nix can automatically
skip building from source and instead use a <span class="emphasis"><em>binary
cache</em></span>, a web server that provides pre-built binaries. For
instance, when asked to build
<code class="literal">/nix/store/b6gvzjyb2pg0…-firefox-33.1</code> from source,
Nix would first check if the file
<code class="uri">https://cache.nixos.org/b6gvzjyb2pg0….narinfo</code> exists, and
if so, fetch the pre-built binary referenced from there; otherwise, it
would fall back to building from source.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301983504"></a>Nix Packages collection</h2></div></div></div><p>We provide a large set of Nix expressions containing hundreds of
existing Unix packages, the <span class="emphasis"><em>Nix Packages
collection</em></span> (Nixpkgs).</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301981888"></a>Managing build environments</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix is extremely useful for developers as it makes it easy to
automatically set up the build environment for a package. Given a
Nix expression that describes the dependencies of your package, the
command <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> will build or download those
dependencies if they’re not already in your Nix store, and then start
a Bash shell in which all necessary environment variables (such as
compiler search paths) are set.</p><p>For example, the following command gets all dependencies of the
Pan newsreader, as described by <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/applications/networking/newsreaders/pan/default.nix" target="_top">its
Nix expression</a>:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A pan
</pre><p>You’re then dropped into a shell where you can edit, build and test
the package:</p><pre class="screen">
[nix-shell]$ tar xf $src
[nix-shell]$ cd pan-*
[nix-shell]$ ./configure
[nix-shell]$ make
[nix-shell]$ ./pan/gui/pan
</pre></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301976352"></a>Portability</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix runs on Linux and macOS.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301975296"></a>NixOS</h2></div></div></div><p>NixOS is a Linux distribution based on Nix. It uses Nix not
just for package management but also to manage the system
configuration (e.g., to build configuration files in
<code class="filename">/etc</code>). This means, among other things, that it
is easy to roll back the entire configuration of the system to an
earlier state. Also, users can install software without root
privileges. For more information and downloads, see the <a class="link" href="http://nixos.org/" target="_top">NixOS homepage</a>.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733301972848"></a>License</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix is released under the terms of the <a class="link" href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html" target="_top">GNU
LGPLv2.1 or (at your option) any later version</a>.</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="chap-quick-start"></a>Chapter 2. Quick Start</h2></div></div></div><p>This chapter is for impatient people who don't like reading
documentation. For more in-depth information you are kindly referred
to subsequent chapters.</p><div class="procedure"><ol class="procedure" type="1"><li class="step"><p>Install single-user Nix by running the following:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ bash &lt;(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install)
</pre><p>
This will install Nix in <code class="filename">/nix</code>. The install script
will create <code class="filename">/nix</code> using <span class="command"><strong>sudo</strong></span>,
so make sure you have sufficient rights. (For other installation
methods, see <a class="xref" href="#chap-installation" title="Part II. Installation">Part II, “Installation”</a>.)</p></li><li class="step"><p>See what installable packages are currently available
in the channel:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa
docbook-xml-4.3
docbook-xml-4.5
firefox-33.0.2
hello-2.9
libxslt-1.1.28
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
</p></li><li class="step"><p>Install some packages from the channel:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i hello</pre><p>
This should download pre-built packages; it should not build them
locally (if it does, something went wrong).</p></li><li class="step"><p>Test that they work:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ which hello
/home/eelco/.nix-profile/bin/hello
$ hello
Hello, world!
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="step"><p>Uninstall a package:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -e hello</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="step"><p>You can also test a package without installing it:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell -p hello
</pre><p>
This builds or downloads GNU Hello and its dependencies, then drops
you into a Bash shell where the <span class="command"><strong>hello</strong></span> command is
present, all without affecting your normal environment:
</p><pre class="screen">
[nix-shell:~]$ hello
Hello, world!
[nix-shell:~]$ exit
$ hello
hello: command not found
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="step"><p>To keep up-to-date with the channel, do:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-channel --update nixpkgs
$ nix-env -u '*'</pre><p>
The latter command will upgrade each installed package for which there
is a “newer” version (as determined by comparing the version
numbers).</p></li><li class="step"><p>If you're unhappy with the result of a
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> action (e.g., an upgraded package turned
out not to work properly), you can go back:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --rollback</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="step"><p>You should periodically run the Nix garbage collector
to get rid of unused packages, since uninstalls or upgrades don't
actually delete them:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-collect-garbage -d</pre><p>
</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="chap-installation"></a>Part II. Installation</h1></div></div></div><div class="partintro"><div></div><p>This section describes how to install and configure Nix for first-time use.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-supported-platforms"></a>Chapter 3. Supported Platforms</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix is currently supported on the following platforms:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Linux (i686, x86_64, aarch64).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>macOS (x86_64).</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-installing-binary"></a>Chapter 4. Installing a Binary Distribution</h2></div></div></div><p>
If you are using Linux or macOS versions up to 10.14 (Mojave), the
easiest way to install Nix is to run the following command:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ sh &lt;(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install)
</pre><p>
If you're using macOS 10.15 (Catalina) or newer, consult
<a class="link" href="#sect-macos-installation" title="4.3. macOS Installation">the macOS installation instructions</a>
before installing.
</p><p>
As of Nix 2.1.0, the Nix installer will always default to creating a
single-user installation, however opting in to the multi-user
installation is highly recommended.
</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sect-single-user-installation"></a>4.1. Single User Installation</h2></div></div></div><p>
To explicitly select a single-user installation on your system:
</p><pre class="screen">
sh &lt;(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --no-daemon
</pre><p>
</p><p>
This will perform a single-user installation of Nix, meaning that
<code class="filename">/nix</code> is owned by the invoking user. You should
run this under your usual user account, <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> as
root. The script will invoke <span class="command"><strong>sudo</strong></span> to create
<code class="filename">/nix</code> if it doesn’t already exist. If you don’t
have <span class="command"><strong>sudo</strong></span>, you should manually create
<code class="filename">/nix</code> first as root, e.g.:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ mkdir /nix
$ chown alice /nix
</pre><p>
The install script will modify the first writable file from amongst
<code class="filename">.bash_profile</code>, <code class="filename">.bash_login</code>
and <code class="filename">.profile</code> to source
<code class="filename">~/.nix-profile/etc/profile.d/nix.sh</code>. You can set
the <code class="envar">NIX_INSTALLER_NO_MODIFY_PROFILE</code> environment
variable before executing the install script to disable this
behaviour.
</p><p>You can uninstall Nix simply by running:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ rm -rf /nix
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sect-multi-user-installation"></a>4.2. Multi User Installation</h2></div></div></div><p>
The multi-user Nix installation creates system users, and a system
service for the Nix daemon.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><strong>Supported Systems</strong></p><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Linux running systemd, with SELinux disabled</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>macOS</p></li></ul></div><p>
You can instruct the installer to perform a multi-user
installation on your system:
</p><pre class="screen">sh &lt;(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon</pre><p>
The multi-user installation of Nix will create build users between
the user IDs 30001 and 30032, and a group with the group ID 30000.
You should run this under your usual user account,
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> as root. The script will invoke
<span class="command"><strong>sudo</strong></span> as needed.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
If you need Nix to use a different group ID or user ID set, you
will have to download the tarball manually and <a class="link" href="#sect-nix-install-binary-tarball" title="4.5. Installing from a binary tarball">edit the install
script</a>.
</p></div><p>
The installer will modify <code class="filename">/etc/bashrc</code>, and
<code class="filename">/etc/zshrc</code> if they exist. The installer will
first back up these files with a
<code class="literal">.backup-before-nix</code> extension. The installer
will also create <code class="filename">/etc/profile.d/nix.sh</code>.
</p><p>You can uninstall Nix with the following commands:
</p><pre class="screen">
sudo rm -rf /etc/profile/nix.sh /etc/nix /nix ~root/.nix-profile ~root/.nix-defexpr ~root/.nix-channels ~/.nix-profile ~/.nix-defexpr ~/.nix-channels
# If you are on Linux with systemd, you will need to run:
sudo systemctl stop nix-daemon.socket
sudo systemctl stop nix-daemon.service
sudo systemctl disable nix-daemon.socket
sudo systemctl disable nix-daemon.service
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
# If you are on macOS, you will need to run:
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.nix-daemon.plist
sudo rm /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.nix-daemon.plist
</pre><p>
There may also be references to Nix in
<code class="filename">/etc/profile</code>,
<code class="filename">/etc/bashrc</code>, and
<code class="filename">/etc/zshrc</code> which you may remove.
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sect-macos-installation"></a>4.3. macOS Installation</h2></div></div></div><p>
Starting with macOS 10.15 (Catalina), the root filesystem is read-only.
This means <code class="filename">/nix</code> can no longer live on your system
volume, and that you'll need a workaround to install Nix.
</p><p>
The recommended approach, which creates an unencrypted APFS volume
for your Nix store and a "synthetic" empty directory to mount it
over at <code class="filename">/nix</code>, is least likely to impair Nix
or your system.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
With all separate-volume approaches, it's possible something on
your system (particularly daemons/services and restored apps) may
need access to your Nix store before the volume is mounted. Adding
additional encryption makes this more likely.
</p></div><p>
If you're using a recent Mac with a
<a class="link" href="https://www.apple.com/euro/mac/shared/docs/Apple_T2_Security_Chip_Overview.pdf" target="_top">T2 chip</a>,
your drive will still be encrypted at rest (in which case "unencrypted"
is a bit of a misnomer). To use this approach, just install Nix with:
</p><pre class="screen">$ sh &lt;(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --darwin-use-unencrypted-nix-store-volume</pre><p>
If you don't like the sound of this, you'll want to weigh the
other approaches and tradeoffs detailed in this section.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Eventual solutions?</h3><p>
All of the known workarounds have drawbacks, but we hope
better solutions will be available in the future. Some that
we have our eye on are:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
A true firmlink would enable the Nix store to live on the
primary data volume without the build problems caused by
the symlink approach. End users cannot currently
create true firmlinks.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
If the Nix store volume shared FileVault encryption
with the primary data volume (probably by using the same
volume group and role), FileVault encryption could be
easily supported by the installer without requiring
manual setup by each user.
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sect-macos-installation-change-store-prefix"></a>4.3.1. Change the Nix store path prefix</h3></div></div></div><p>
Changing the default prefix for the Nix store is a simple
approach which enables you to leave it on your root volume,
where it can take full advantage of FileVault encryption if
enabled. Unfortunately, this approach also opts your device out
of some benefits that are enabled by using the same prefix
across systems:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
Your system won't be able to take advantage of the binary
cache (unless someone is able to stand up and support
duplicate caching infrastructure), which means you'll
spend more time waiting for builds.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
It's harder to build and deploy packages to Linux systems.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
It would also possible (and often requested) to just apply this
change ecosystem-wide, but it's an intrusive process that has
side effects we want to avoid for now.
</p><p>
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sect-macos-installation-encrypted-volume"></a>4.3.2. Use a separate encrypted volume</h3></div></div></div><p>
If you like, you can also add encryption to the recommended
approach taken by the installer. You can do this by pre-creating
an encrypted volume before you run the installer--or you can
run the installer and encrypt the volume it creates later.
</p><p>
In either case, adding encryption to a second volume isn't quite
as simple as enabling FileVault for your boot volume. Before you
dive in, there are a few things to weigh:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
The additional volume won't be encrypted with your existing
FileVault key, so you'll need another mechanism to decrypt
the volume.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
You can store the password in Keychain to automatically
decrypt the volume on boot--but it'll have to wait on Keychain
and may not mount before your GUI apps restore. If any of
your launchd agents or apps depend on Nix-installed software
(for example, if you use a Nix-installed login shell), the
restore may fail or break.
</p><p>
On a case-by-case basis, you may be able to work around this
problem by using <span class="command"><strong>wait4path</strong></span> to block
execution until your executable is available.
</p><p>
It's also possible to decrypt and mount the volume earlier
with a login hook--but this mechanism appears to be
deprecated and its future is unclear.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
You can hard-code the password in the clear, so that your
store volume can be decrypted before Keychain is available.
</p></li></ol></div><p>
If you are comfortable navigating these tradeoffs, you can encrypt the volume with
something along the lines of:
</p><pre class="screen">alice$ diskutil apfs enableFileVault /nix -user disk</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sect-macos-installation-symlink"></a>4.3.3. Symlink the Nix store to a custom location</h3></div></div></div><p>
Another simple approach is using <code class="filename">/etc/synthetic.conf</code>
to symlink the Nix store to the data volume. This option also
enables your store to share any configured FileVault encryption.
Unfortunately, builds that resolve the symlink may leak the
canonical path or even fail.
</p><p>
Because of these downsides, we can't recommend this approach.
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sect-macos-installation-recommended-notes"></a>4.3.4. Notes on the recommended approach</h3></div></div></div><p>
This section goes into a little more detail on the recommended
approach. You don't need to understand it to run the installer,
but it can serve as a helpful reference if you run into trouble.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
In order to compose user-writable locations into the new
read-only system root, Apple introduced a new concept called
<code class="literal">firmlinks</code>, which it describes as a
"bi-directional wormhole" between two filesystems. You can
see the current firmlinks in <code class="filename">/usr/share/firmlinks</code>.
Unfortunately, firmlinks aren't (currently?) user-configurable.
</p><p>
For special cases like NFS mount points or package manager roots,
<a class="link" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/System/Conceptual/ManPages_iPhoneOS/man5/synthetic.conf.5.html" target="_top">synthetic.conf(5)</a>
supports limited user-controlled file-creation (of symlinks,
and synthetic empty directories) at <code class="filename">/</code>.
To create a synthetic empty directory for mounting at <code class="filename">/nix</code>,
add the following line to <code class="filename">/etc/synthetic.conf</code>
(create it if necessary):
</p><pre class="screen">nix</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p>
This configuration is applied at boot time, but you can use
<span class="command"><strong>apfs.util</strong></span> to trigger creation (not deletion)
of new entries without a reboot:
</p><pre class="screen">alice$ /System/Library/Filesystems/apfs.fs/Contents/Resources/apfs.util -B</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Create the new APFS volume with diskutil:
</p><pre class="screen">alice$ sudo diskutil apfs addVolume diskX APFS 'Nix Store' -mountpoint /nix</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Using <span class="command"><strong>vifs</strong></span>, add the new mount to
<code class="filename">/etc/fstab</code>. If it doesn't already have
other entries, it should look something like:
</p><pre class="screen">
#
# Warning - this file should only be modified with vifs(8)
#
# Failure to do so is unsupported and may be destructive.
#
LABEL=Nix\040Store /nix apfs rw,nobrowse
</pre><p>
The nobrowse setting will keep Spotlight from indexing this
volume, and keep it from showing up on your desktop.
</p></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sect-nix-install-pinned-version-url"></a>4.4. Installing a pinned Nix version from a URL</h2></div></div></div><p>
NixOS.org hosts version-specific installation URLs for all Nix
versions since 1.11.16, at
<code class="literal">https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-<em class="replaceable"><code>version</code></em>/install</code>.
</p><p>
These install scripts can be used the same as the main
NixOS.org installation script:
</p><pre class="screen">
sh &lt;(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install)
</pre><p>
</p><p>
In the same directory of the install script are sha256 sums, and
gpg signature files.
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sect-nix-install-binary-tarball"></a>4.5. Installing from a binary tarball</h2></div></div></div><p>
You can also download a binary tarball that contains Nix and all
its dependencies. (This is what the install script at
<code class="uri">https://nixos.org/nix/install</code> does automatically.) You
should unpack it somewhere (e.g. in <code class="filename">/tmp</code>),
and then run the script named <span class="command"><strong>install</strong></span> inside
the binary tarball:
</p><pre class="screen">
alice$ cd /tmp
alice$ tar xfj nix-1.8-x86_64-darwin.tar.bz2
alice$ cd nix-1.8-x86_64-darwin
alice$ ./install
</pre><p>
</p><p>
If you need to edit the multi-user installation script to use
different group ID or a different user ID range, modify the
variables set in the file named
<code class="filename">install-multi-user</code>.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-installing-source"></a>Chapter 5. Installing Nix from Source</h2></div></div></div><p>If no binary package is available, you can download and compile
a source distribution.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-prerequisites-source"></a>5.1. Prerequisites</h2></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>GNU Autoconf
(<a class="link" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/" target="_top">https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/</a>)
and the autoconf-archive macro collection
(<a class="link" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf-archive/" target="_top">https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf-archive/</a>).
These are only needed to run the bootstrap script, and are not necessary
if your source distribution came with a pre-built
<code class="literal">./configure</code> script.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GNU Make.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Bash Shell. The <code class="literal">./configure</code> script
relies on bashisms, so Bash is required.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A version of GCC or Clang that supports C++17.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>pkg-config</strong></span> to locate
dependencies. If your distribution does not provide it, you can get
it from <a class="link" href="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config" target="_top">http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The OpenSSL library to calculate cryptographic hashes.
If your distribution does not provide it, you can get it from <a class="link" href="https://www.openssl.org" target="_top">https://www.openssl.org</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="literal">libbrotlienc</code> and
<code class="literal">libbrotlidec</code> libraries to provide implementation
of the Brotli compression algorithm. They are available for download
from the official repository <a class="link" href="https://github.com/google/brotli" target="_top">https://github.com/google/brotli</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The bzip2 compressor program and the
<code class="literal">libbz2</code> library. Thus you must have bzip2
installed, including development headers and libraries. If your
distribution does not provide these, you can obtain bzip2 from <a class="link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624184756/http://www.bzip.org/" target="_top">https://web.archive.org/web/20180624184756/http://www.bzip.org/</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">liblzma</code>, which is provided by
XZ Utils. If your distribution does not provide this, you can
get it from <a class="link" href="https://tukaani.org/xz/" target="_top">https://tukaani.org/xz/</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>cURL and its library. If your distribution does not
provide it, you can get it from <a class="link" href="https://curl.haxx.se/" target="_top">https://curl.haxx.se/</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The SQLite embedded database library, version 3.6.19
or higher. If your distribution does not provide it, please install
it from <a class="link" href="http://www.sqlite.org/" target="_top">http://www.sqlite.org/</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <a class="link" href="http://www.hboehm.info/gc/" target="_top">Boehm
garbage collector</a> to reduce the evaluator’s memory
consumption (optional). To enable it, install
<code class="literal">pkgconfig</code> and the Boehm garbage collector, and
pass the flag <code class="option">--enable-gc</code> to
<span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="literal">boost</code> library of version
1.66.0 or higher. It can be obtained from the official web site
<a class="link" href="https://www.boost.org/" target="_top">https://www.boost.org/</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="literal">editline</code> library of version
1.14.0 or higher. It can be obtained from the its repository
<a class="link" href="https://github.com/troglobit/editline" target="_top">https://github.com/troglobit/editline</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <span class="command"><strong>xmllint</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>xsltproc</strong></span> programs to build this manual and the
man-pages. These are part of the <code class="literal">libxml2</code> and
<code class="literal">libxslt</code> packages, respectively. You also need
the <a class="link" href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/projects/xsl/" target="_top">DocBook
XSL stylesheets</a> and optionally the <a class="link" href="http://www.docbook.org/schemas/5x" target="_top"> DocBook 5.0 RELAX NG
schemas</a>. Note that these are only required if you modify the
manual sources or when you are building from the Git
repository.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Recent versions of Bison and Flex to build the
parser. (This is because Nix needs GLR support in Bison and
reentrancy support in Flex.) For Bison, you need version 2.6, which
can be obtained from the <a class="link" href="ftp://alpha.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bison" target="_top">GNU FTP
server</a>. For Flex, you need version 2.5.35, which is
available on <a class="link" href="http://lex.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">SourceForge</a>.
Slightly older versions may also work, but ancient versions like the
ubiquitous 2.5.4a won't. Note that these are only required if you
modify the parser or when you are building from the Git
repository.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="literal">libseccomp</code> is used to provide
syscall filtering on Linux. This is an optional dependency and can
be disabled passing a <code class="option">--disable-seccomp-sandboxing</code>
option to the <span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span> script (Not recommended
unless your system doesn't support
<code class="literal">libseccomp</code>). To get the library, visit <a class="link" href="https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp" target="_top">https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp</a>.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-obtaining-source"></a>5.2. Obtaining a Source Distribution</h2></div></div></div><p>The source tarball of the most recent stable release can be
downloaded from the <a class="link" href="http://nixos.org/nix/download.html" target="_top">Nix homepage</a>.
You can also grab the <a class="link" href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nix/master/release/latest-finished#tabs-constituents" target="_top">most
recent development release</a>.</p><p>Alternatively, the most recent sources of Nix can be obtained
from its <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix" target="_top">Git
repository</a>. For example, the following command will check out
the latest revision into a directory called
<code class="filename">nix</code>:</p><pre class="screen">
$ git clone https://github.com/NixOS/nix</pre><p>Likewise, specific releases can be obtained from the <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/tags" target="_top">tags</a> of the
repository.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-building-source"></a>5.3. Building Nix from Source</h2></div></div></div><p>After unpacking or checking out the Nix sources, issue the
following commands:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ ./configure <em class="replaceable"><code>options...</code></em>
$ make
$ make install</pre><p>
Nix requires GNU Make so you may need to invoke
<span class="command"><strong>gmake</strong></span> instead.</p><p>When building from the Git repository, these should be preceded
by the command:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ ./bootstrap.sh</pre><p>
</p><p>The installation path can be specified by passing the
<code class="option">--prefix=<em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em></code> to
<span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span>. The default installation directory is
<code class="filename">/usr/local</code>. You can change this to any location
you like. You must have write permission to the
<em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em> path.</p><p>Nix keeps its <span class="emphasis"><em>store</em></span> (the place where
packages are stored) in <code class="filename">/nix/store</code> by default.
This can be changed using
<code class="option">--with-store-dir=<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code>.</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>It is best <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> to change the Nix
store from its default, since doing so makes it impossible to use
pre-built binaries from the standard Nixpkgs channels — that is, all
packages will need to be built from source.</p></div><p>Nix keeps state (such as its database and log files) in
<code class="filename">/nix/var</code> by default. This can be changed using
<code class="option">--localstatedir=<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code>.</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-nix-security"></a>Chapter 6. Security</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix has two basic security models. First, it can be used in
“single-user mode”, which is similar to what most other package
management tools do: there is a single user (typically <code class="systemitem">root</code>) who performs all package
management operations. All other users can then use the installed
packages, but they cannot perform package management operations
themselves.</p><p>Alternatively, you can configure Nix in “multi-user mode”. In
this model, all users can perform package management operations — for
instance, every user can install software without requiring root
privileges. Nix ensures that this is secure. For instance, it’s not
possible for one user to overwrite a package used by another user with
a Trojan horse.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-single-user"></a>6.1. Single-User Mode</h2></div></div></div><p>In single-user mode, all Nix operations that access the database
in <code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/var/nix/db</code>
or modify the Nix store in
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/store</code> must be
performed under the user ID that owns those directories. This is
typically <code class="systemitem">root</code>. (If you
install from RPM packages, that’s in fact the default ownership.)
However, on single-user machines, it is often convenient to
<span class="command"><strong>chown</strong></span> those directories to your normal user account
so that you don’t have to <span class="command"><strong>su</strong></span> to <code class="systemitem">root</code> all the time.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-multi-user"></a>6.2. Multi-User Mode</h2></div></div></div><p>To allow a Nix store to be shared safely among multiple users,
it is important that users are not able to run builders that modify
the Nix store or database in arbitrary ways, or that interfere with
builds started by other users. If they could do so, they could
install a Trojan horse in some package and compromise the accounts of
other users.</p><p>To prevent this, the Nix store and database are owned by some
privileged user (usually <code class="literal">root</code>) and builders are
executed under special user accounts (usually named
<code class="literal">nixbld1</code>, <code class="literal">nixbld2</code>, etc.). When a
unprivileged user runs a Nix command, actions that operate on the Nix
store (such as builds) are forwarded to a <span class="emphasis"><em>Nix
daemon</em></span> running under the owner of the Nix store/database
that performs the operation.</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Multi-user mode has one important limitation: only
<code class="systemitem">root</code> and a set of trusted
users specified in <code class="filename">nix.conf</code> can specify arbitrary
binary caches. So while unprivileged users may install packages from
arbitrary Nix expressions, they may not get pre-built
binaries.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301775792"></a>Setting up the build users</h3></div></div></div><p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>build users</em></span> are the special UIDs under
which builds are performed. They should all be members of the
<span class="emphasis"><em>build users group</em></span> <code class="literal">nixbld</code>.
This group should have no other members. The build users should not
be members of any other group. On Linux, you can create the group and
users as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ groupadd -r nixbld
$ for n in $(seq 1 10); do useradd -c "Nix build user $n" \
-d /var/empty -g nixbld -G nixbld -M -N -r -s "$(which nologin)" \
nixbld$n; done
</pre><p>
This creates 10 build users. There can never be more concurrent builds
than the number of build users, so you may want to increase this if
you expect to do many builds at the same time.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301772240"></a>Running the daemon</h3></div></div></div><p>The <a class="link" href="#sec-nix-daemon" title="nix-daemon">Nix daemon</a> should be
started as follows (as <code class="literal">root</code>):
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-daemon</pre><p>
You’ll want to put that line somewhere in your system’s boot
scripts.</p><p>To let unprivileged users use the daemon, they should set the
<a class="link" href="#envar-remote"><code class="envar">NIX_REMOTE</code> environment
variable</a> to <code class="literal">daemon</code>. So you should put a
line like
</p><pre class="programlisting">
export NIX_REMOTE=daemon</pre><p>
into the users’ login scripts.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301766816"></a>Restricting access</h3></div></div></div><p>To limit which users can perform Nix operations, you can use the
permissions on the directory
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/daemon-socket</code>. For instance, if you
want to restrict the use of Nix to the members of a group called
<code class="literal">nix-users</code>, do
</p><pre class="screen">
$ chgrp nix-users /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket
$ chmod ug=rwx,o= /nix/var/nix/daemon-socket
</pre><p>
This way, users who are not in the <code class="literal">nix-users</code> group
cannot connect to the Unix domain socket
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/daemon-socket/socket</code>, so they cannot
perform Nix operations.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-env-variables"></a>Chapter 7. Environment Variables</h2></div></div></div><p>To use Nix, some environment variables should be set. In
particular, <code class="envar">PATH</code> should contain the directories
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/bin</code> and
<code class="filename">~/.nix-profile/bin</code>. The first directory contains
the Nix tools themselves, while <code class="filename">~/.nix-profile</code> is
a symbolic link to the current <span class="emphasis"><em>user environment</em></span>
(an automatically generated package consisting of symlinks to
installed packages). The simplest way to set the required environment
variables is to include the file
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/etc/profile.d/nix.sh</code>
in your <code class="filename">~/.profile</code> (or similar), like this:</p><pre class="screen">
source <em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/etc/profile.d/nix.sh</pre><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-nix-ssl-cert-file"></a>7.1. <code class="envar">NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE</code></h2></div></div></div><p>If you need to specify a custom certificate bundle to account
for an HTTPS-intercepting man in the middle proxy, you must specify
the path to the certificate bundle in the environment variable
<code class="envar">NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE</code>.</p><p>If you don't specify a <code class="envar">NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE</code>
manually, Nix will install and use its own certificate
bundle.</p><div class="procedure"><ol class="procedure" type="1"><li class="step"><p>Set the environment variable and install Nix</p><pre class="screen">
$ export NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE=/etc/ssl/my-certificate-bundle.crt
$ sh &lt;(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install)
</pre></li><li class="step"><p>In the shell profile and rc files (for example,
<code class="filename">/etc/bashrc</code>, <code class="filename">/etc/zshrc</code>),
add the following line:</p><pre class="programlisting">
export NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE=/etc/ssl/my-certificate-bundle.crt
</pre></li></ol></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>You must not add the export and then do the install, as
the Nix installer will detect the presense of Nix configuration, and
abort.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sec-nix-ssl-cert-file-with-nix-daemon-and-macos"></a>7.1.1. <code class="envar">NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE</code> with macOS and the Nix daemon</h3></div></div></div><p>On macOS you must specify the environment variable for the Nix
daemon service, then restart it:</p><pre class="screen">
$ sudo launchctl setenv NIX_SSL_CERT_FILE /etc/ssl/my-certificate-bundle.crt
$ sudo launchctl kickstart -k system/org.nixos.nix-daemon
</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sec-installer-proxy-settings"></a>7.1.2. Proxy Environment Variables</h3></div></div></div><p>The Nix installer has special handling for these proxy-related
environment variables:
<code class="varname">http_proxy</code>, <code class="varname">https_proxy</code>,
<code class="varname">ftp_proxy</code>, <code class="varname">no_proxy</code>,
<code class="varname">HTTP_PROXY</code>, <code class="varname">HTTPS_PROXY</code>,
<code class="varname">FTP_PROXY</code>, <code class="varname">NO_PROXY</code>.
</p><p>If any of these variables are set when running the Nix installer,
then the installer will create an override file at
<code class="filename">/etc/systemd/system/nix-daemon.service.d/override.conf</code>
so <span class="command"><strong>nix-daemon</strong></span> will use them.
</p></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="ch-upgrading-nix"></a>Chapter 8. Upgrading Nix</h1></div></div></div><p>
Multi-user Nix users on macOS can upgrade Nix by running:
<span class="command"><strong>sudo -i sh -c 'nix-channel --update &amp;&amp;
nix-env -iA nixpkgs.nix &amp;&amp;
launchctl remove org.nixos.nix-daemon &amp;&amp;
launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.nixos.nix-daemon.plist'</strong></span>
</p><p>
Single-user installations of Nix should run this:
<span class="command"><strong>nix-channel --update; nix-env -iA nixpkgs.nix nixpkgs.cacert</strong></span>
</p><p>
Multi-user Nix users on Linux should run this with sudo:
<span class="command"><strong>nix-channel --update; nix-env -iA nixpkgs.nix nixpkgs.cacert; systemctl daemon-reload; systemctl restart nix-daemon</strong></span>
</p></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="chap-package-management"></a>Part III. Package Management</h1></div></div></div><div class="partintro"><div></div><p>This chapter discusses how to do package management with Nix,
i.e., how to obtain, install, upgrade, and erase packages. This is
the “user’s” perspective of the Nix system — people
who want to <span class="emphasis"><em>create</em></span> packages should consult
<a class="xref" href="#chap-writing-nix-expressions" title="Part IV. Writing Nix Expressions">Part IV, “Writing Nix Expressions”</a>.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-basic-package-mgmt"></a>Chapter 9. Basic Package Management</h2></div></div></div><p>The main command for package management is <a class="link" href="#sec-nix-env" title="nix-env"><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span></a>. You can use
it to install, upgrade, and erase packages, and to query what
packages are installed or are available for installation.</p><p>In Nix, different users can have different “views”
on the set of installed applications. That is, there might be lots of
applications present on the system (possibly in many different
versions), but users can have a specific selection of those active —
where “active” just means that it appears in a directory
in the user’s <code class="envar">PATH</code>. Such a view on the set of
installed applications is called a <span class="emphasis"><em>user
environment</em></span>, which is just a directory tree consisting of
symlinks to the files of the active applications. </p><p>Components are installed from a set of <span class="emphasis"><em>Nix
expressions</em></span> that tell Nix how to build those packages,
including, if necessary, their dependencies. There is a collection of
Nix expressions called the Nixpkgs package collection that contains
packages ranging from basic development stuff such as GCC and Glibc,
to end-user applications like Mozilla Firefox. (Nix is however not
tied to the Nixpkgs package collection; you could write your own Nix
expressions based on Nixpkgs, or completely new ones.)</p><p>You can manually download the latest version of Nixpkgs from
<a class="link" href="http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/download.html" target="_top">http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/download.html</a>. However,
it’s much more convenient to use the Nixpkgs
<span class="emphasis"><em>channel</em></span>, since it makes it easy to stay up to
date with new versions of Nixpkgs. (Channels are described in more
detail in <a class="xref" href="#sec-channels" title="Chapter 12. Channels">Chapter 12, <em>Channels</em></a>.) Nixpkgs is automatically
added to your list of “subscribed” channels when you install
Nix. If this is not the case for some reason, you can add it as
follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable
$ nix-channel --update
</pre><p>
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>On NixOS, you’re automatically subscribed to a NixOS
channel corresponding to your NixOS major release
(e.g. <code class="uri">http://nixos.org/channels/nixos-14.12</code>). A NixOS
channel is identical to the Nixpkgs channel, except that it contains
only Linux binaries and is updated only if a set of regression tests
succeed.</p></div><p>You can view the set of available packages in Nixpkgs:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa
aterm-2.2
bash-3.0
binutils-2.15
bison-1.875d
blackdown-1.4.2
bzip2-1.0.2
…</pre><p>
The flag <code class="option">-q</code> specifies a query operation, and
<code class="option">-a</code> means that you want to show the “available” (i.e.,
installable) packages, as opposed to the installed packages. If you
downloaded Nixpkgs yourself, or if you checked it out from GitHub,
then you need to pass the path to your Nixpkgs tree using the
<code class="option">-f</code> flag:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qaf <em class="replaceable"><code>/path/to/nixpkgs</code></em>
</pre><p>
where <em class="replaceable"><code>/path/to/nixpkgs</code></em> is where you’ve
unpacked or checked out Nixpkgs.</p><p>You can select specific packages by name:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa firefox
firefox-34.0.5
firefox-with-plugins-34.0.5
</pre><p>
and using regular expressions:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa 'firefox.*'
</pre><p>
</p><p>It is also possible to see the <span class="emphasis"><em>status</em></span> of
available packages, i.e., whether they are installed into the user
environment and/or present in the system:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qas
…
-PS bash-3.0
--S binutils-2.15
IPS bison-1.875d
…</pre><p>
The first character (<code class="literal">I</code>) indicates whether the
package is installed in your current user environment. The second
(<code class="literal">P</code>) indicates whether it is present on your system
(in which case installing it into your user environment would be a
very quick operation). The last one (<code class="literal">S</code>) indicates
whether there is a so-called <span class="emphasis"><em>substitute</em></span> for the
package, which is Nix’s mechanism for doing binary deployment. It
just means that Nix knows that it can fetch a pre-built package from
somewhere (typically a network server) instead of building it
locally.</p><p>You can install a package using <code class="literal">nix-env -i</code>.
For instance,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i subversion</pre><p>
will install the package called <code class="literal">subversion</code> (which
is, of course, the <a class="link" href="http://subversion.tigris.org/" target="_top">Subversion version
management system</a>).</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>When you ask Nix to install a package, it will first try
to get it in pre-compiled form from a <span class="emphasis"><em>binary
cache</em></span>. By default, Nix will use the binary cache
<code class="uri">https://cache.nixos.org</code>; it contains binaries for most
packages in Nixpkgs. Only if no binary is available in the binary
cache, Nix will build the package from source. So if <code class="literal">nix-env
-i subversion</code> results in Nix building stuff from source,
then either the package is not built for your platform by the Nixpkgs
build servers, or your version of Nixpkgs is too old or too new. For
instance, if you have a very recent checkout of Nixpkgs, then the
Nixpkgs build servers may not have had a chance to build everything
and upload the resulting binaries to
<code class="uri">https://cache.nixos.org</code>. The Nixpkgs channel is only
updated after all binaries have been uploaded to the cache, so if you
stick to the Nixpkgs channel (rather than using a Git checkout of the
Nixpkgs tree), you will get binaries for most packages.</p></div><p>Naturally, packages can also be uninstalled:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -e subversion</pre><p>
</p><p>Upgrading to a new version is just as easy. If you have a new
release of Nix Packages, you can do:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -u subversion</pre><p>
This will <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> upgrade Subversion if there is a
“newer” version in the new set of Nix expressions, as
defined by some pretty arbitrary rules regarding ordering of version
numbers (which generally do what you’d expect of them). To just
unconditionally replace Subversion with whatever version is in the Nix
expressions, use <em class="parameter"><code>-i</code></em> instead of
<em class="parameter"><code>-u</code></em>; <em class="parameter"><code>-i</code></em> will remove
whatever version is already installed.</p><p>You can also upgrade all packages for which there are newer
versions:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -u</pre><p>
</p><p>Sometimes it’s useful to be able to ask what
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> would do, without actually doing it. For
instance, to find out what packages would be upgraded by
<code class="literal">nix-env -u</code>, you can do
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -u --dry-run
(dry run; not doing anything)
upgrading `libxslt-1.1.0' to `libxslt-1.1.10'
upgrading `graphviz-1.10' to `graphviz-1.12'
upgrading `coreutils-5.0' to `coreutils-5.2.1'</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="sec-profiles"></a>Chapter 10. Profiles</h2></div></div></div><p>Profiles and user environments are Nix’s mechanism for
implementing the ability to allow different users to have different
configurations, and to do atomic upgrades and rollbacks. To
understand how they work, it’s useful to know a bit about how Nix
works. In Nix, packages are stored in unique locations in the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Nix store</em></span> (typically,
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code>). For instance, a particular version
of the Subversion package might be stored in a directory
<code class="filename">/nix/store/dpmvp969yhdqs7lm2r1a3gng7pyq6vy4-subversion-1.1.3/</code>,
while another version might be stored in
<code class="filename">/nix/store/5mq2jcn36ldlmh93yj1n8s9c95pj7c5s-subversion-1.1.2</code>.
The long strings prefixed to the directory names are cryptographic
hashes<a href="#ftn.idm139733301692864" class="footnote" id="idm139733301692864"><sup class="footnote">[1]</sup></a> of
<span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> inputs involved in building the package —
sources, dependencies, compiler flags, and so on. So if two
packages differ in any way, they end up in different locations in
the file system, so they don’t interfere with each other. <a class="xref" href="#fig-user-environments" title="Figure 10.1. User environments">Figure 10.1, “User environments”</a> shows a part of a typical Nix
store.</p><div class="figure"><a id="fig-user-environments"></a><p class="title"><strong>Figure 10.1. User environments</strong></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figures/user-environments.png" alt="User environments" /></div></div></div><br class="figure-break" /><p>Of course, you wouldn’t want to type
</p><pre class="screen">
$ /nix/store/dpmvp969yhdq...-subversion-1.1.3/bin/svn</pre><p>
every time you want to run Subversion. Of course we could set up the
<code class="envar">PATH</code> environment variable to include the
<code class="filename">bin</code> directory of every package we want to use,
but this is not very convenient since changing <code class="envar">PATH</code>
doesn’t take effect for already existing processes. The solution Nix
uses is to create directory trees of symlinks to
<span class="emphasis"><em>activated</em></span> packages. These are called
<span class="emphasis"><em>user environments</em></span> and they are packages
themselves (though automatically generated by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>), so they too reside in the Nix store. For
instance, in <a class="xref" href="#fig-user-environments" title="Figure 10.1. User environments">Figure 10.1, “User environments”</a> the user
environment <code class="filename">/nix/store/0c1p5z4kda11...-user-env</code>
contains a symlink to just Subversion 1.1.2 (arrows in the figure
indicate symlinks). This would be what we would obtain if we had done
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i subversion</pre><p>
on a set of Nix expressions that contained Subversion 1.1.2.</p><p>This doesn’t in itself solve the problem, of course; you
wouldn’t want to type
<code class="filename">/nix/store/0c1p5z4kda11...-user-env/bin/svn</code>
either. That’s why there are symlinks outside of the store that point
to the user environments in the store; for instance, the symlinks
<code class="filename">default-42-link</code> and
<code class="filename">default-43-link</code> in the example. These are called
<span class="emphasis"><em>generations</em></span> since every time you perform a
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> operation, a new user environment is
generated based on the current one. For instance, generation 43 was
created from generation 42 when we did
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i subversion firefox</pre><p>
on a set of Nix expressions that contained Firefox and a new version
of Subversion.</p><p>Generations are grouped together into
<span class="emphasis"><em>profiles</em></span> so that different users don’t interfere
with each other if they don’t want to. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/profiles/
...
lrwxrwxrwx 1 eelco ... default-42-link -&gt; /nix/store/0c1p5z4kda11...-user-env
lrwxrwxrwx 1 eelco ... default-43-link -&gt; /nix/store/3aw2pdyx2jfc...-user-env
lrwxrwxrwx 1 eelco ... default -&gt; default-43-link</pre><p>
This shows a profile called <code class="filename">default</code>. The file
<code class="filename">default</code> itself is actually a symlink that points
to the current generation. When we do a <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>
operation, a new user environment and generation link are created
based on the current one, and finally the <code class="filename">default</code>
symlink is made to point at the new generation. This last step is
atomic on Unix, which explains how we can do atomic upgrades. (Note
that the building/installing of new packages doesn’t interfere in
any way with old packages, since they are stored in different
locations in the Nix store.)</p><p>If you find that you want to undo a <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>
operation, you can just do
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --rollback</pre><p>
which will just make the current generation link point at the previous
link. E.g., <code class="filename">default</code> would be made to point at
<code class="filename">default-42-link</code>. You can also switch to a
specific generation:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --switch-generation 43</pre><p>
which in this example would roll forward to generation 43 again. You
can also see all available generations:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --list-generations</pre><p>You generally wouldn’t have
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles/<em class="replaceable"><code>some-profile</code></em>/bin</code>
in your <code class="envar">PATH</code>. Rather, there is a symlink
<code class="filename">~/.nix-profile</code> that points to your current
profile. This means that you should put
<code class="filename">~/.nix-profile/bin</code> in your <code class="envar">PATH</code>
(and indeed, that’s what the initialisation script
<code class="filename">/nix/etc/profile.d/nix.sh</code> does). This makes it
easier to switch to a different profile. You can do that using the
command <span class="command"><strong>nix-env --switch-profile</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --switch-profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/my-profile
$ nix-env --switch-profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/default</pre><p>
These commands switch to the <code class="filename">my-profile</code> and
default profile, respectively. If the profile doesn’t exist, it will
be created automatically. You should be careful about storing a
profile in another location than the <code class="filename">profiles</code>
directory, since otherwise it might not be used as a root of the
garbage collector (see <a class="xref" href="#sec-garbage-collection" title="Chapter 11. Garbage Collection">Chapter 11, <em>Garbage Collection</em></a>).</p><p>All <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> operations work on the profile
pointed to by <span class="command"><strong>~/.nix-profile</strong></span>, but you can override
this using the <code class="option">--profile</code> option (abbreviation
<code class="option">-p</code>):
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/other-profile -i subversion</pre><p>
This will <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> change the
<span class="command"><strong>~/.nix-profile</strong></span> symlink.</p><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0" /><div id="ftn.idm139733301692864" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idm139733301692864" class="para"><sup class="para">[1] </sup></a>160-bit truncations of SHA-256 hashes encoded in
a base-32 notation, to be precise.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="sec-garbage-collection"></a>Chapter 11. Garbage Collection</h2></div></div></div><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> operations such as upgrades
(<code class="option">-u</code>) and uninstall (<code class="option">-e</code>) never
actually delete packages from the system. All they do (as shown
above) is to create a new user environment that no longer contains
symlinks to the “deleted” packages.</p><p>Of course, since disk space is not infinite, unused packages
should be removed at some point. You can do this by running the Nix
garbage collector. It will remove from the Nix store any package
not used (directly or indirectly) by any generation of any
profile.</p><p>Note however that as long as old generations reference a
package, it will not be deleted. After all, we wouldn’t be able to
do a rollback otherwise. So in order for garbage collection to be
effective, you should also delete (some) old generations. Of course,
this should only be done if you are certain that you will not need to
roll back.</p><p>To delete all old (non-current) generations of your current
profile:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --delete-generations old</pre><p>
Instead of <code class="literal">old</code> you can also specify a list of
generations, e.g.,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --delete-generations 10 11 14</pre><p>
To delete all generations older than a specified number of days
(except the current generation), use the <code class="literal">d</code>
suffix. For example,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --delete-generations 14d</pre><p>
deletes all generations older than two weeks.</p><p>After removing appropriate old generations you can run the
garbage collector as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --gc</pre><p>
The behaviour of the gargage collector is affected by the
<code class="literal">keep-derivations</code> (default: true) and <code class="literal">keep-outputs</code>
(default: false) options in the Nix configuration file. The defaults will ensure
that all derivations that are build-time dependencies of garbage collector roots
will be kept and that all output paths that are runtime dependencies
will be kept as well. All other derivations or paths will be collected.
(This is usually what you want, but while you are developing
it may make sense to keep outputs to ensure that rebuild times are quick.)
If you are feeling uncertain, you can also first view what files would
be deleted:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --gc --print-dead</pre><p>
Likewise, the option <code class="option">--print-live</code> will show the paths
that <span class="emphasis"><em>won’t</em></span> be deleted.</p><p>There is also a convenient little utility
<span class="command"><strong>nix-collect-garbage</strong></span>, which when invoked with the
<code class="option">-d</code> (<code class="option">--delete-old</code>) switch deletes all
old generations of all profiles in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles</code>. So
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-collect-garbage -d</pre><p>
is a quick and easy way to clean up your system.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-gc-roots"></a>11.1. Garbage Collector Roots</h2></div></div></div><p>The roots of the garbage collector are all store paths to which
there are symlinks in the directory
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/nix/var/nix/gcroots</code>.
For instance, the following command makes the path
<code class="filename">/nix/store/d718ef...-foo</code> a root of the collector:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ ln -s /nix/store/d718ef...-foo /nix/var/nix/gcroots/bar</pre><p>
That is, after this command, the garbage collector will not remove
<code class="filename">/nix/store/d718ef...-foo</code> or any of its
dependencies.</p><p>Subdirectories of
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/nix/var/nix/gcroots</code>
are also searched for symlinks. Symlinks to non-store paths are
followed and searched for roots, but symlinks to non-store paths
<span class="emphasis"><em>inside</em></span> the paths reached in that way are not
followed to prevent infinite recursion.</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="sec-channels"></a>Chapter 12. Channels</h2></div></div></div><p>If you want to stay up to date with a set of packages, it’s not
very convenient to manually download the latest set of Nix expressions
for those packages and upgrade using <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>.
Fortunately, there’s a better way: <span class="emphasis"><em>Nix
channels</em></span>.</p><p>A Nix channel is just a URL that points to a place that contains
a set of Nix expressions and a manifest. Using the command <a class="link" href="#sec-nix-channel" title="nix-channel"><span class="command"><strong>nix-channel</strong></span></a> you
can automatically stay up to date with whatever is available at that
URL.</p><p>To see the list of official NixOS channels, visit <a class="link" href="https://nixos.org/channels" target="_top">https://nixos.org/channels</a>.</p><p>You can “subscribe” to a channel using
<span class="command"><strong>nix-channel --add</strong></span>, e.g.,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable</pre><p>
subscribes you to a channel that always contains that latest version
of the Nix Packages collection. (Subscribing really just means that
the URL is added to the file <code class="filename">~/.nix-channels</code>,
where it is read by subsequent calls to <span class="command"><strong>nix-channel
--update</strong></span>.) You can “unsubscribe” using <span class="command"><strong>nix-channel
--remove</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-channel --remove nixpkgs
</pre><p>
</p><p>To obtain the latest Nix expressions available in a channel, do
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-channel --update</pre><p>
This downloads and unpacks the Nix expressions in every channel
(downloaded from <code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em>/nixexprs.tar.bz2</code>).
It also makes the union of each channel’s Nix expressions available by
default to <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> operations (via the symlink
<code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr/channels</code>). Consequently, you can
then say
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -u</pre><p>
to upgrade all packages in your profile to the latest versions
available in the subscribed channels.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="sec-sharing-packages"></a>Chapter 13. Sharing Packages Between Machines</h2></div></div></div><p>Sometimes you want to copy a package from one machine to
another. Or, you want to install some packages and you know that
another machine already has some or all of those packages or their
dependencies. In that case there are mechanisms to quickly copy
packages between machines.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-binary-cache-substituter"></a>13.1. Serving a Nix store via HTTP</h2></div></div></div><p>You can easily share the Nix store of a machine via HTTP. This
allows other machines to fetch store paths from that machine to speed
up installations. It uses the same <span class="emphasis"><em>binary cache</em></span>
mechanism that Nix usually uses to fetch pre-built binaries from
<code class="uri">https://cache.nixos.org</code>.</p><p>The daemon that handles binary cache requests via HTTP,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-serve</strong></span>, is not part of the Nix distribution, but
you can install it from Nixpkgs:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i nix-serve
</pre><p>
You can then start the server, listening for HTTP connections on
whatever port you like:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-serve -p 8080
</pre><p>
To check whether it works, try the following on the client:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ curl http://avalon:8080/nix-cache-info
</pre><p>
which should print something like:
</p><pre class="screen">
StoreDir: /nix/store
WantMassQuery: 1
Priority: 30
</pre><p>
</p><p>On the client side, you can tell Nix to use your binary cache
using <code class="option">--option extra-binary-caches</code>, e.g.:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i firefox --option extra-binary-caches http://avalon:8080/
</pre><p>
The option <code class="option">extra-binary-caches</code> tells Nix to use this
binary cache in addition to your default caches, such as
<code class="uri">https://cache.nixos.org</code>. Thus, for any path in the closure
of Firefox, Nix will first check if the path is available on the
server <code class="literal">avalon</code> or another binary caches. If not, it
will fall back to building from source.</p><p>You can also tell Nix to always use your binary cache by adding
a line to the <code class="filename"><a class="filename" href="#sec-conf-file" title="nix.conf">nix.conf</a></code>
configuration file like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
binary-caches = http://avalon:8080/ https://cache.nixos.org/
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-copy-closure"></a>13.2. Copying Closures Via SSH</h2></div></div></div><p>The command <span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="#sec-nix-copy-closure" title="nix-copy-closure">nix-copy-closure</a></strong></span> copies a Nix
store path along with all its dependencies to or from another machine
via the SSH protocol. It doesn’t copy store paths that are already
present on the target machine. For example, the following command
copies Firefox with all its dependencies:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-copy-closure --to alice@itchy.example.org $(type -p firefox)</pre><p>
See <a class="xref" href="#sec-nix-copy-closure" title="nix-copy-closure"><span class="refentrytitle">nix-copy-closure</span>(1)</a> for details.</p><p>With <span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="#refsec-nix-store-export" title="Operation --export">nix-store
--export</a></strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="#refsec-nix-store-import" title="Operation --import">nix-store --import</a></strong></span> you can
write the closure of a store path (that is, the path and all its
dependencies) to a file, and then unpack that file into another Nix
store. For example,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --export $(nix-store -qR $(type -p firefox)) &gt; firefox.closure</pre><p>
writes the closure of Firefox to a file. You can then copy this file
to another machine and install the closure:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --import &lt; firefox.closure</pre><p>
Any store paths in the closure that are already present in the target
store are ignored. It is also possible to pipe the export into
another command, e.g. to copy and install a closure directly to/on
another machine:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --export $(nix-store -qR $(type -p firefox)) | bzip2 | \
ssh alice@itchy.example.org "bunzip2 | nix-store --import"</pre><p>
However, <span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> is generally more
efficient because it only copies paths that are not already present in
the target Nix store.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-ssh-substituter"></a>13.3. Serving a Nix store via SSH</h2></div></div></div><p>You can tell Nix to automatically fetch needed binaries from a
remote Nix store via SSH. For example, the following installs Firefox,
automatically fetching any store paths in Firefox’s closure if they
are available on the server <code class="literal">avalon</code>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i firefox --substituters ssh://alice@avalon
</pre><p>
This works similar to the binary cache substituter that Nix usually
uses, only using SSH instead of HTTP: if a store path
<code class="literal">P</code> is needed, Nix will first check if it’s available
in the Nix store on <code class="literal">avalon</code>. If not, it will fall
back to using the binary cache substituter, and then to building from
source.</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>The SSH substituter currently does not allow you to enter
an SSH passphrase interactively. Therefore, you should use
<span class="command"><strong>ssh-add</strong></span> to load the decrypted private key into
<span class="command"><strong>ssh-agent</strong></span>.</p></div><p>You can also copy the closure of some store path, without
installing it into your profile, e.g.
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -r /nix/store/m85bxg…-firefox-34.0.5 --substituters ssh://alice@avalon
</pre><p>
This is essentially equivalent to doing
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-copy-closure --from alice@avalon /nix/store/m85bxg…-firefox-34.0.5
</pre><p>
</p><p>You can use SSH’s <span class="emphasis"><em>forced command</em></span> feature to
set up a restricted user account for SSH substituter access, allowing
read-only access to the local Nix store, but nothing more. For
example, add the following lines to <code class="filename">sshd_config</code>
to restrict the user <code class="literal">nix-ssh</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
Match User nix-ssh
AllowAgentForwarding no
AllowTcpForwarding no
PermitTTY no
PermitTunnel no
X11Forwarding no
ForceCommand nix-store --serve
Match All
</pre><p>
On NixOS, you can accomplish the same by adding the following to your
<code class="filename">configuration.nix</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
nix.sshServe.enable = true;
nix.sshServe.keys = [ "ssh-dss AAAAB3NzaC1k... bob@example.org" ];
</pre><p>
where the latter line lists the public keys of users that are allowed
to connect.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-s3-substituter"></a>13.4. Serving a Nix store via AWS S3 or S3-compatible Service</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix has built-in support for storing and fetching store paths
from Amazon S3 and S3 compatible services. This uses the same
<span class="emphasis"><em>binary</em></span> cache mechanism that Nix usually uses to
fetch prebuilt binaries from <code class="uri">cache.nixos.org</code>.</p><p>The following options can be specified as URL parameters to
the S3 URL:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">profile</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The name of the AWS configuration profile to use. By default
Nix will use the <code class="literal">default</code> profile.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">region</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The region of the S3 bucket. <code class="literal">us–east-1</code> by
default.
</p><p>
If your bucket is not in <code class="literal">us–east-1</code>, you
should always explicitly specify the region parameter.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">endpoint</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The URL to your S3-compatible service, for when not using
Amazon S3. Do not specify this value if you're using Amazon
S3.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>This endpoint must support HTTPS and will use
path-based addressing instead of virtual host based
addressing.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">scheme</code></span></dt><dd><p>
The scheme used for S3 requests, <code class="literal">https</code>
(default) or <code class="literal">http</code>. This option allows you to
disable HTTPS for binary caches which don't support it.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>HTTPS should be used if the cache might contain
sensitive information.</p></div></dd></dl></div><p>In this example we will use the bucket named
<code class="literal">example-nix-cache</code>.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="ssec-s3-substituter-anonymous-reads"></a>13.4.1. Anonymous Reads to your S3-compatible binary cache</h3></div></div></div><p>If your binary cache is publicly accessible and does not
require authentication, the simplest and easiest way to use Nix with
your S3 compatible binary cache is to use the HTTP URL for that
cache.</p><p>For AWS S3 the binary cache URL for example bucket will be
exactly <code class="uri">https://example-nix-cache.s3.amazonaws.com</code> or
<code class="uri">s3://example-nix-cache</code>. For S3 compatible binary caches,
consult that cache's documentation.</p><p>Your bucket will need the following bucket policy:</p><pre class="programlisting">
{
"Id": "DirectReads",
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "AllowDirectReads",
"Action": [
"s3:GetObject",
"s3:GetBucketLocation"
],
"Effect": "Allow",
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache",
"arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache/*"
],
"Principal": "*"
}
]
}
</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="ssec-s3-substituter-authenticated-reads"></a>13.4.2. Authenticated Reads to your S3 binary cache</h3></div></div></div><p>For AWS S3 the binary cache URL for example bucket will be
exactly <code class="uri">s3://example-nix-cache</code>.</p><p>Nix will use the <a class="link" href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-cpp/v1/developer-guide/credentials.html" target="_top">default
credential provider chain</a> for authenticating requests to
Amazon S3.</p><p>Nix supports authenticated reads from Amazon S3 and S3
compatible binary caches.</p><p>Your bucket will need a bucket policy allowing the desired
users to perform the <code class="literal">s3:GetObject</code> and
<code class="literal">s3:GetBucketLocation</code> action on all objects in the
bucket. The anonymous policy in <a class="xref" href="#ssec-s3-substituter-anonymous-reads" title="13.4.1. Anonymous Reads to your S3-compatible binary cache">Section 13.4.1, “Anonymous Reads to your S3-compatible binary cache”</a> can be updated to
have a restricted <code class="literal">Principal</code> to support
this.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="ssec-s3-substituter-authenticated-writes"></a>13.4.3. Authenticated Writes to your S3-compatible binary cache</h3></div></div></div><p>Nix support fully supports writing to Amazon S3 and S3
compatible buckets. The binary cache URL for our example bucket will
be <code class="uri">s3://example-nix-cache</code>.</p><p>Nix will use the <a class="link" href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-cpp/v1/developer-guide/credentials.html" target="_top">default
credential provider chain</a> for authenticating requests to
Amazon S3.</p><p>Your account will need the following IAM policy to
upload to the cache:</p><pre class="programlisting">
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "UploadToCache",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"s3:AbortMultipartUpload",
"s3:GetBucketLocation",
"s3:GetObject",
"s3:ListBucket",
"s3:ListBucketMultipartUploads",
"s3:ListMultipartUploadParts",
"s3:PutObject"
],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache",
"arn:aws:s3:::example-nix-cache/*"
]
}
]
}
</pre><div class="example"><a id="idm139733301558256"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 13.1. Uploading with a specific credential profile for Amazon S3</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix copy --to 's3://example-nix-cache?profile=cache-upload&amp;region=eu-west-2' nixpkgs.hello</strong></span></p></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example"><a id="idm139733301556896"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 13.2. Uploading to an S3-Compatible Binary Cache</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix copy --to 's3://example-nix-cache?profile=cache-upload&amp;scheme=https&amp;endpoint=minio.example.com' nixpkgs.hello</strong></span></p></div></div><br class="example-break" /></div></div></div></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="chap-writing-nix-expressions"></a>Part IV. Writing Nix Expressions</h1></div></div></div><div class="partintro"><div></div><p>This chapter shows you how to write Nix expressions, which
instruct Nix how to build packages. It starts with a
simple example (a Nix expression for GNU Hello), and then moves
on to a more in-depth look at the Nix expression language.</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>This chapter is mostly about the Nix expression language.
For more extensive information on adding packages to the Nix Packages
collection (such as functions in the standard environment and coding
conventions), please consult <a class="link" href="http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/" target="_top">its
manual</a>.</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-simple-expression"></a>Chapter 14. A Simple Nix Expression</h2></div></div></div><p>This section shows how to add and test the <a class="link" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/hello.html" target="_top">GNU Hello
package</a> to the Nix Packages collection. Hello is a program
that prints out the text <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Hello, world!</span>”</span>.</p><p>To add a package to the Nix Packages collection, you generally
need to do three things:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Write a Nix expression for the package. This is a
file that describes all the inputs involved in building the package,
such as dependencies, sources, and so on.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Write a <span class="emphasis"><em>builder</em></span>. This is a
shell script<a href="#ftn.idm139733301545648" class="footnote" id="idm139733301545648"><sup class="footnote">[2]</sup></a> that actually builds the package from
the inputs.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Add the package to the file
<code class="filename">pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix</code>. The Nix
expression written in the first step is a
<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>; it requires other packages in order
to build it. In this step you put it all together, i.e., you call
the function with the right arguments to build the actual
package.</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-expression-syntax"></a>14.1. Expression Syntax</h2></div></div></div><div class="example"><a id="ex-hello-nix"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 14.1. Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">default.nix</code>)</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
{ stdenv, fetchurl, perl }: <a id="ex-hello-nix-co-1"></a>(1)
stdenv.mkDerivation { <a id="ex-hello-nix-co-2"></a>(2)
name = "hello-2.1.1"; <a id="ex-hello-nix-co-3"></a>(3)
builder = ./builder.sh; <a id="ex-hello-nix-co-4"></a>(4)
src = fetchurl { <a id="ex-hello-nix-co-5"></a>(5)
url = "ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
};
inherit perl; <a id="ex-hello-nix-co-6"></a>(6)
}</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p><a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-nix" title="Example 14.1. Nix expression for GNU Hello (default.nix)">Example 14.1, “Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">default.nix</code>)”</a> shows a Nix expression for GNU
Hello. It's actually already in the Nix Packages collection in
<code class="filename">pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix</code>.
It is customary to place each package in a separate directory and call
the single Nix expression in that directory
<code class="filename">default.nix</code>. The file has the following elements
(referenced from the figure by number):
</p><div class="calloutlist"><table border="0" summary="Callout list"><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-nix-co-1">(1)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>This states that the expression is a
<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> that expects to be called with three
arguments: <code class="varname">stdenv</code>, <code class="varname">fetchurl</code>,
and <code class="varname">perl</code>. They are needed to build Hello, but
we don't know how to build them here; that's why they are function
arguments. <code class="varname">stdenv</code> is a package that is used
by almost all Nix Packages packages; it provides a
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">standard</span>”</span> environment consisting of the things you
would expect in a basic Unix environment: a C/C++ compiler (GCC,
to be precise), the Bash shell, fundamental Unix tools such as
<span class="command"><strong>cp</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>grep</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>tar</strong></span>, etc. <code class="varname">fetchurl</code> is a
function that downloads files. <code class="varname">perl</code> is the
Perl interpreter.</p><p>Nix functions generally have the form <code class="literal">{ x, y, ...,
z }: e</code> where <code class="varname">x</code>, <code class="varname">y</code>,
etc. are the names of the expected arguments, and where
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> is the body of the function. So
here, the entire remainder of the file is the body of the
function; when given the required arguments, the body should
describe how to build an instance of the Hello package.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-nix-co-2">(2)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>So we have to build a package. Building something from
other stuff is called a <span class="emphasis"><em>derivation</em></span> in Nix (as
opposed to sources, which are built by humans instead of
computers). We perform a derivation by calling
<code class="varname">stdenv.mkDerivation</code>.
<code class="varname">mkDerivation</code> is a function provided by
<code class="varname">stdenv</code> that builds a package from a set of
<span class="emphasis"><em>attributes</em></span>. A set is just a list of
key/value pairs where each key is a string and each value is an
arbitrary Nix expression. They take the general form <code class="literal">{
<em class="replaceable"><code>name1</code></em> =
<em class="replaceable"><code>expr1</code></em>; <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>nameN</code></em> =
<em class="replaceable"><code>exprN</code></em>; }</code>.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-nix-co-3">(3)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>The attribute <code class="varname">name</code> specifies the symbolic
name and version of the package. Nix doesn't really care about
these things, but they are used by for instance <span class="command"><strong>nix-env
-q</strong></span> to show a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">human-readable</span>”</span> name for
packages. This attribute is required by
<code class="varname">mkDerivation</code>.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-nix-co-4">(4)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>The attribute <code class="varname">builder</code> specifies the
builder. This attribute can sometimes be omitted, in which case
<code class="varname">mkDerivation</code> will fill in a default builder
(which does a <code class="literal">configure; make; make install</code>, in
essence). Hello is sufficiently simple that the default builder
would suffice, but in this case, we will show an actual builder
for educational purposes. The value
<span class="command"><strong>./builder.sh</strong></span> refers to the shell script shown
in <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-builder" title="Example 14.2. Build script for GNU Hello (builder.sh)">Example 14.2, “Build script for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">builder.sh</code>)”</a>, discussed below.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-nix-co-5">(5)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>The builder has to know what the sources of the package
are. Here, the attribute <code class="varname">src</code> is bound to the
result of a call to the <span class="command"><strong>fetchurl</strong></span> function.
Given a URL and a SHA-256 hash of the expected contents of the file
at that URL, this function builds a derivation that downloads the
file and checks its hash. So the sources are a dependency that
like all other dependencies is built before Hello itself is
built.</p><p>Instead of <code class="varname">src</code> any other name could have
been used, and in fact there can be any number of sources (bound
to different attributes). However, <code class="varname">src</code> is
customary, and it's also expected by the default builder (which we
don't use in this example).</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-nix-co-6">(6)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>Since the derivation requires Perl, we have to pass the
value of the <code class="varname">perl</code> function argument to the
builder. All attributes in the set are actually passed as
environment variables to the builder, so declaring an attribute
</p><pre class="programlisting">
perl = perl;</pre><p>
will do the trick: it binds an attribute <code class="varname">perl</code>
to the function argument which also happens to be called
<code class="varname">perl</code>. However, it looks a bit silly, so there
is a shorter syntax. The <code class="literal">inherit</code> keyword
causes the specified attributes to be bound to whatever variables
with the same name happen to be in scope.</p></td></tr></table></div><p>
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-build-script"></a>14.2. Build Script</h2></div></div></div><div class="example"><a id="ex-hello-builder"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 14.2. Build script for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">builder.sh</code>)</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
source $stdenv/setup <a id="ex-hello-builder-co-1"></a>(1)
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH <a id="ex-hello-builder-co-2"></a>(2)
tar xvfz $src <a id="ex-hello-builder-co-3"></a>(3)
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out <a id="ex-hello-builder-co-4"></a>(4)
make <a id="ex-hello-builder-co-5"></a>(5)
make install</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p><a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-builder" title="Example 14.2. Build script for GNU Hello (builder.sh)">Example 14.2, “Build script for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">builder.sh</code>)”</a> shows the builder referenced
from Hello's Nix expression (stored in
<code class="filename">pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/builder.sh</code>).
The builder can actually be made a lot shorter by using the
<span class="emphasis"><em>generic builder</em></span> functions provided by
<code class="varname">stdenv</code>, but here we write out the build steps to
elucidate what a builder does. It performs the following
steps:</p><div class="calloutlist"><table border="0" summary="Callout list"><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder-co-1">(1)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>When Nix runs a builder, it initially completely clears the
environment (except for the attributes declared in the
derivation). For instance, the <code class="envar">PATH</code> variable is
empty<a href="#ftn.idm139733301492640" class="footnote" id="idm139733301492640"><sup class="footnote">[3]</sup></a>. This is done to prevent
undeclared inputs from being used in the build process. If for
example the <code class="envar">PATH</code> contained
<code class="filename">/usr/bin</code>, then you might accidentally use
<code class="filename">/usr/bin/gcc</code>.</p><p>So the first step is to set up the environment. This is
done by calling the <code class="filename">setup</code> script of the
standard environment. The environment variable
<code class="envar">stdenv</code> points to the location of the standard
environment being used. (It wasn't specified explicitly as an
attribute in <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-nix" title="Example 14.1. Nix expression for GNU Hello (default.nix)">Example 14.1, “Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">default.nix</code>)”</a>, but
<code class="varname">mkDerivation</code> adds it automatically.)</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder-co-2">(2)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>Since Hello needs Perl, we have to make sure that Perl is in
the <code class="envar">PATH</code>. The <code class="envar">perl</code> environment
variable points to the location of the Perl package (since it
was passed in as an attribute to the derivation), so
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>$perl</code></em>/bin</code> is the
directory containing the Perl interpreter.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder-co-3">(3)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>Now we have to unpack the sources. The
<code class="varname">src</code> attribute was bound to the result of
fetching the Hello source tarball from the network, so the
<code class="envar">src</code> environment variable points to the location in
the Nix store to which the tarball was downloaded. After
unpacking, we <span class="command"><strong>cd</strong></span> to the resulting source
directory.</p><p>The whole build is performed in a temporary directory
created in <code class="varname">/tmp</code>, by the way. This directory is
removed after the builder finishes, so there is no need to clean
up the sources afterwards. Also, the temporary directory is
always newly created, so you don't have to worry about files from
previous builds interfering with the current build.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder-co-4">(4)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>GNU Hello is a typical Autoconf-based package, so we first
have to run its <code class="filename">configure</code> script. In Nix
every package is stored in a separate location in the Nix store,
for instance
<code class="filename">/nix/store/9a54ba97fb71b65fda531012d0443ce2-hello-2.1.1</code>.
Nix computes this path by cryptographically hashing all attributes
of the derivation. The path is passed to the builder through the
<code class="envar">out</code> environment variable. So here we give
<code class="filename">configure</code> the parameter
<code class="literal">--prefix=$out</code> to cause Hello to be installed in
the expected location.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder-co-5">(5)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>Finally we build Hello (<code class="literal">make</code>) and install
it into the location specified by <code class="envar">out</code>
(<code class="literal">make install</code>).</p></td></tr></table></div><p>If you are wondering about the absence of error checking on the
result of various commands called in the builder: this is because the
shell script is evaluated with Bash's <code class="option">-e</code> option,
which causes the script to be aborted if any command fails without an
error check.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-arguments"></a>14.3. Arguments and Variables</h2></div></div></div><div class="example"><a id="ex-hello-composition"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 14.3. Composing GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">all-packages.nix</code>)</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
...
rec { <a id="ex-hello-composition-co-1"></a>(1)
hello = import ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 <a id="ex-hello-composition-co-2"></a>(2) { <a id="ex-hello-composition-co-3"></a>(3)
inherit fetchurl stdenv perl;
};
perl = import ../development/interpreters/perl { <a id="ex-hello-composition-co-4"></a>(4)
inherit fetchurl stdenv;
};
fetchurl = import ../build-support/fetchurl {
inherit stdenv; ...
};
stdenv = ...;
}
</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>The Nix expression in <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-nix" title="Example 14.1. Nix expression for GNU Hello (default.nix)">Example 14.1, “Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">default.nix</code>)”</a> is a
function; it is missing some arguments that have to be filled in
somewhere. In the Nix Packages collection this is done in the file
<code class="filename">pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix</code>, where all
Nix expressions for packages are imported and called with the
appropriate arguments. <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-composition" title="Example 14.3. Composing GNU Hello (all-packages.nix)">Example 14.3, “Composing GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">all-packages.nix</code>)”</a> shows
some fragments of
<code class="filename">all-packages.nix</code>.</p><div class="calloutlist"><table border="0" summary="Callout list"><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-composition-co-1">(1)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>This file defines a set of attributes, all of which are
concrete derivations (i.e., not functions). In fact, we define a
<span class="emphasis"><em>mutually recursive</em></span> set of attributes. That
is, the attributes can refer to each other. This is precisely
what we want since we want to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">plug</span>”</span> the
various packages into each other.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-composition-co-2">(2)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>Here we <span class="emphasis"><em>import</em></span> the Nix expression for
GNU Hello. The import operation just loads and returns the
specified Nix expression. In fact, we could just have put the
contents of <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-nix" title="Example 14.1. Nix expression for GNU Hello (default.nix)">Example 14.1, “Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">default.nix</code>)”</a> in
<code class="filename">all-packages.nix</code> at this point. That
would be completely equivalent, but it would make the file rather
bulky.</p><p>Note that we refer to
<code class="filename">../applications/misc/hello/ex-1</code>, not
<code class="filename">../applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix</code>.
When you try to import a directory, Nix automatically appends
<code class="filename">/default.nix</code> to the file name.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-composition-co-3">(3)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>This is where the actual composition takes place. Here we
<span class="emphasis"><em>call</em></span> the function imported from
<code class="filename">../applications/misc/hello/ex-1</code> with a set
containing the things that the function expects, namely
<code class="varname">fetchurl</code>, <code class="varname">stdenv</code>, and
<code class="varname">perl</code>. We use inherit again to use the
attributes defined in the surrounding scope (we could also have
written <code class="literal">fetchurl = fetchurl;</code>, etc.).</p><p>The result of this function call is an actual derivation
that can be built by Nix (since when we fill in the arguments of
the function, what we get is its body, which is the call to
<code class="varname">stdenv.mkDerivation</code> in <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-nix" title="Example 14.1. Nix expression for GNU Hello (default.nix)">Example 14.1, “Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">default.nix</code>)”</a>).</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Nixpkgs has a convenience function
<code class="function">callPackage</code> that imports and calls a
function, filling in any missing arguments by passing the
corresponding attribute from the Nixpkgs set, like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { };
</pre><p>
If necessary, you can set or override arguments:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { stdenv = myStdenv; };
</pre><p>
</p></div></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-composition-co-4">(4)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>Likewise, we have to instantiate Perl,
<code class="varname">fetchurl</code>, and the standard environment.</p></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-building-simple"></a>14.4. Building and Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>You can now try to build Hello. Of course, you could do
<code class="literal">nix-env -i hello</code>, but you may not want to install a
possibly broken package just yet. The best way to test the package is by
using the command <span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="#sec-nix-build" title="nix-build">nix-build</a></strong></span>,
which builds a Nix expression and creates a symlink named
<code class="filename">result</code> in the current directory:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build -A hello
building path `/nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1'
hello-2.1.1/
hello-2.1.1/intl/
hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
$ ls -l result
lrwxrwxrwx ... 2006-09-29 10:43 result -&gt; /nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1
$ ./result/bin/hello
Hello, world!</pre><p>
The <a class="link" href="#opt-attr"><code class="option">-A</code></a> option selects
the <code class="literal">hello</code> attribute. This is faster than using the
symbolic package name specified by the <code class="literal">name</code>
attribute (which also happens to be <code class="literal">hello</code>) and is
unambiguous (there can be multiple packages with the symbolic name
<code class="literal">hello</code>, but there can be only one attribute in a set
named <code class="literal">hello</code>).</p><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> registers the
<code class="filename">./result</code> symlink as a garbage collection root, so
unless and until you delete the <code class="filename">./result</code> symlink,
the output of the build will be safely kept on your system. You can
use <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>’s <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#opt-out-link">-o</a></code> switch to give the symlink another
name.</p><p>Nix has transactional semantics. Once a build finishes
successfully, Nix makes a note of this in its database: it registers
that the path denoted by <code class="envar">out</code> is now
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">valid</span>”</span>. If you try to build the derivation again, Nix
will see that the path is already valid and finish immediately. If a
build fails, either because it returns a non-zero exit code, because
Nix or the builder are killed, or because the machine crashes, then
the output paths will not be registered as valid. If you try to build
the derivation again, Nix will remove the output paths if they exist
(e.g., because the builder died half-way through <code class="literal">make
install</code>) and try again. Note that there is no
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">negative caching</span>”</span>: Nix doesn't remember that a build
failed, and so a failed build can always be repeated. This is because
Nix cannot distinguish between permanent failures (e.g., a compiler
error due to a syntax error in the source) and transient failures
(e.g., a disk full condition).</p><p>Nix also performs locking. If you run multiple Nix builds
simultaneously, and they try to build the same derivation, the first
Nix instance that gets there will perform the build, while the others
block (or perform other derivations if available) until the build
finishes:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build -A hello
waiting for lock on `/nix/store/0h5b7hp8d4hqfrw8igvx97x1xawrjnac-hello-2.1.1x'</pre><p>
So it is always safe to run multiple instances of Nix in parallel
(which isn’t the case with, say, <span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span>).</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-generic-builder"></a>14.5. Generic Builder Syntax</h2></div></div></div><p>Recall from <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-builder" title="Example 14.2. Build script for GNU Hello (builder.sh)">Example 14.2, “Build script for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">builder.sh</code>)”</a> that the builder
looked something like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
tar xvfz $src
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out
make
make install</pre><p>
The builders for almost all Unix packages look like this — set up some
environment variables, unpack the sources, configure, build, and
install. For this reason the standard environment provides some Bash
functions that automate the build process. A builder using the
generic build facilities in shown in <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-builder2" title="Example 14.4. Build script using the generic build functions">Example 14.4, “Build script using the generic
build functions”</a>.</p><div class="example"><a id="ex-hello-builder2"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 14.4. Build script using the generic
build functions</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
buildInputs="$perl" <a id="ex-hello-builder2-co-1"></a>(1)
source $stdenv/setup <a id="ex-hello-builder2-co-2"></a>(2)
genericBuild <a id="ex-hello-builder2-co-3"></a>(3)</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="calloutlist"><table border="0" summary="Callout list"><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder2-co-1">(1)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>The <code class="envar">buildInputs</code> variable tells
<code class="filename">setup</code> to use the indicated packages as
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">inputs</span>”</span>. This means that if a package provides a
<code class="filename">bin</code> subdirectory, it's added to
<code class="envar">PATH</code>; if it has a <code class="filename">include</code>
subdirectory, it's added to GCC's header search path; and so
on.<a href="#ftn.idm139733301420112" class="footnote" id="idm139733301420112"><sup class="footnote">[4]</sup></a>
</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder2-co-2">(2)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>The function <code class="function">genericBuild</code> is defined in
the file <code class="literal">$stdenv/setup</code>.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-hello-builder2-co-3">(3)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>The final step calls the shell function
<code class="function">genericBuild</code>, which performs the steps that
were done explicitly in <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-builder" title="Example 14.2. Build script for GNU Hello (builder.sh)">Example 14.2, “Build script for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">builder.sh</code>)”</a>. The
generic builder is smart enough to figure out whether to unpack
the sources using <span class="command"><strong>gzip</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span>, etc. It can be customised in many ways;
see the Nixpkgs manual for details.</p></td></tr></table></div><p>Discerning readers will note that the
<code class="envar">buildInputs</code> could just as well have been set in the Nix
expression, like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
buildInputs = [ perl ];</pre><p>
The <code class="varname">perl</code> attribute can then be removed, and the
builder becomes even shorter:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
source $stdenv/setup
genericBuild</pre><p>
In fact, <code class="varname">mkDerivation</code> provides a default builder
that looks exactly like that, so it is actually possible to omit the
builder for Hello entirely.</p></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0" /><div id="ftn.idm139733301545648" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idm139733301545648" class="para"><sup class="para">[2] </sup></a>In fact, it can be written in any
language, but typically it's a <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> shell
script.</p></div><div id="ftn.idm139733301492640" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idm139733301492640" class="para"><sup class="para">[3] </sup></a>Actually, it's initialised to
<code class="filename">/path-not-set</code> to prevent Bash from setting it
to a default value.</p></div><div id="ftn.idm139733301420112" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idm139733301420112" class="para"><sup class="para">[4] </sup></a>How does it work? <code class="filename">setup</code>
tries to source the file
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>/nix-support/setup-hook</code>
of all dependencies. These “setup hooks” can then set up whatever
environment variables they want; for instance, the setup hook for
Perl sets the <code class="envar">PERL5LIB</code> environment variable to
contain the <code class="filename">lib/site_perl</code> directories of all
inputs.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-expression-language"></a>Chapter 15. Nix Expression Language</h2></div></div></div><p>The Nix expression language is a pure, lazy, functional
language. Purity means that operations in the language don't have
side-effects (for instance, there is no variable assignment).
Laziness means that arguments to functions are evaluated only when
they are needed. Functional means that functions are
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">normal</span>”</span> values that can be passed around and manipulated
in interesting ways. The language is not a full-featured, general
purpose language. Its main job is to describe packages,
compositions of packages, and the variability within
packages.</p><p>This section presents the various features of the
language.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-values"></a>15.1. Values</h2></div></div></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301403360"></a>Simple Values</h3></div></div></div><p>Nix has the following basic data types:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span> can be written in three
ways.</p><p>The most common way is to enclose the string between double
quotes, e.g., <code class="literal">"foo bar"</code>. Strings can span
multiple lines. The special characters <code class="literal">"</code> and
<code class="literal">\</code> and the character sequence
<code class="literal">${</code> must be escaped by prefixing them with a
backslash (<code class="literal">\</code>). Newlines, carriage returns and
tabs can be written as <code class="literal">\n</code>,
<code class="literal">\r</code> and <code class="literal">\t</code>,
respectively.</p><p>You can include the result of an expression into a string by
enclosing it in
<code class="literal">${<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>}</code>, a feature
known as <span class="emphasis"><em>antiquotation</em></span>. The enclosed
expression must evaluate to something that can be coerced into a
string (meaning that it must be a string, a path, or a
derivation). For instance, rather than writing
</p><pre class="programlisting">
"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"</pre><p>
(where <code class="varname">freetype</code> is a derivation), you can
instead write the more natural
</p><pre class="programlisting">
"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"</pre><p>
The latter is automatically translated to the former. A more
complicated example (from the Nix expression for <a class="link" href="http://www.trolltech.com/products/qt" target="_top">Qt</a>):
</p><pre class="programlisting">
configureFlags = "
-system-zlib -system-libpng -system-libjpeg
${if openglSupport then "-dlopen-opengl
-L${mesa}/lib -I${mesa}/include
-L${libXmu}/lib -I${libXmu}/include" else ""}
${if threadSupport then "-thread" else "-no-thread"}
";</pre><p>
Note that Nix expressions and strings can be arbitrarily nested;
in this case the outer string contains various antiquotations that
themselves contain strings (e.g., <code class="literal">"-thread"</code>),
some of which in turn contain expressions (e.g.,
<code class="literal">${mesa}</code>).</p><p>The second way to write string literals is as an
<span class="emphasis"><em>indented string</em></span>, which is enclosed between
pairs of <span class="emphasis"><em>double single-quotes</em></span>, like so:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
''
This is the first line.
This is the second line.
This is the third line.
''</pre><p>
This kind of string literal intelligently strips indentation from
the start of each line. To be precise, it strips from each line a
number of spaces equal to the minimal indentation of the string as
a whole (disregarding the indentation of empty lines). For
instance, the first and second line are indented two space, while
the third line is indented four spaces. Thus, two spaces are
stripped from each line, so the resulting string is
</p><pre class="programlisting">
"This is the first line.\nThis is the second line.\n This is the third line.\n"</pre><p>
</p><p>Note that the whitespace and newline following the opening
<code class="literal">''</code> is ignored if there is no non-whitespace
text on the initial line.</p><p>Antiquotation
(<code class="literal">${<em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em>}</code>) is
supported in indented strings.</p><p>Since <code class="literal">${</code> and <code class="literal">''</code> have
special meaning in indented strings, you need a way to quote them.
<code class="literal">$</code> can be escaped by prefixing it with
<code class="literal">''</code> (that is, two single quotes), i.e.,
<code class="literal">''$</code>. <code class="literal">''</code> can be escaped by
prefixing it with <code class="literal">'</code>, i.e.,
<code class="literal">'''</code>. <code class="literal">$</code> removes any special meaning
from the following <code class="literal">$</code>. Linefeed, carriage-return and tab
characters can be written as <code class="literal">''\n</code>,
<code class="literal">''\r</code>, <code class="literal">''\t</code>, and <code class="literal">''\</code>
escapes any other character.
</p><p>Indented strings are primarily useful in that they allow
multi-line string literals to follow the indentation of the
enclosing Nix expression, and that less escaping is typically
necessary for strings representing languages such as shell scripts
and configuration files because <code class="literal">''</code> is much less
common than <code class="literal">"</code>. Example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
stdenv.mkDerivation {
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
postInstall =
''
mkdir $out/bin $out/etc
cp foo $out/bin
echo "Hello World" &gt; $out/etc/foo.conf
${if enableBar then "cp bar $out/bin" else ""}
'';
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
}
</pre><p>
</p><p>Finally, as a convenience, <span class="emphasis"><em>URIs</em></span> as
defined in appendix B of <a class="link" href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt" target="_top">RFC 2396</a>
can be written <span class="emphasis"><em>as is</em></span>, without quotes. For
instance, the string
<code class="literal">"http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2"</code>
can also be written as
<code class="literal">http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Numbers, which can be <span class="emphasis"><em>integers</em></span> (like
<code class="literal">123</code>) or <span class="emphasis"><em>floating point</em></span> (like
<code class="literal">123.43</code> or <code class="literal">.27e13</code>).</p><p>Numbers are type-compatible: pure integer operations will always
return integers, whereas any operation involving at least one floating point
number will have a floating point number as a result.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Paths</em></span>, e.g.,
<code class="filename">/bin/sh</code> or <code class="filename">./builder.sh</code>.
A path must contain at least one slash to be recognised as such; for
instance, <code class="filename">builder.sh</code> is not a
path<a href="#ftn.idm139733301368560" class="footnote" id="idm139733301368560"><sup class="footnote">[5]</sup></a>. If the file name is
relative, i.e., if it does not begin with a slash, it is made
absolute at parse time relative to the directory of the Nix
expression that contained it. For instance, if a Nix expression in
<code class="filename">/foo/bar/bla.nix</code> refers to
<code class="filename">../xyzzy/fnord.nix</code>, the absolute path is
<code class="filename">/foo/xyzzy/fnord.nix</code>.</p><p>If the first component of a path is a <code class="literal">~</code>,
it is interpreted as if the rest of the path were relative to the
user's home directory. e.g. <code class="filename">~/foo</code> would be
equivalent to <code class="filename">/home/edolstra/foo</code> for a user
whose home directory is <code class="filename">/home/edolstra</code>.
</p><p>Paths can also be specified between angle brackets, e.g.
<code class="literal">&lt;nixpkgs&gt;</code>. This means that the directories
listed in the environment variable
<code class="envar"><a class="envar" href="#env-NIX_PATH">NIX_PATH</a></code> will be searched
for the given file or directory name.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Booleans</em></span> with values
<code class="literal">true</code> and
<code class="literal">false</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The null value, denoted as
<code class="literal">null</code>.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301358208"></a>Lists</h3></div></div></div><p>Lists are formed by enclosing a whitespace-separated list of
values between square brackets. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" (f { x = y; }) ]</pre><p>
defines a list of four elements, the last being the result of a call
to the function <code class="varname">f</code>. Note that function calls have
to be enclosed in parentheses. If they had been omitted, e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" f { x = y; } ]</pre><p>
the result would be a list of five elements, the fourth one being a
function and the fifth being a set.</p><p>Note that lists are only lazy in values, and they are strict in length.
</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301354960"></a>Sets</h3></div></div></div><p>Sets are really the core of the language, since ultimately the
Nix language is all about creating derivations, which are really just
sets of attributes to be passed to build scripts.</p><p>Sets are just a list of name/value pairs (called
<span class="emphasis"><em>attributes</em></span>) enclosed in curly brackets, where
each value is an arbitrary expression terminated by a semicolon. For
example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ x = 123;
text = "Hello";
y = f { bla = 456; };
}</pre><p>
This defines a set with attributes named <code class="varname">x</code>,
<code class="varname">text</code>, <code class="varname">y</code>. The order of the
attributes is irrelevant. An attribute name may only occur
once.</p><p>Attributes can be selected from a set using the
<code class="literal">.</code> operator. For instance,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.a</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">"Foo"</code>. It is possible to provide a
default value in an attribute selection using the
<code class="literal">or</code> keyword. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.c or "Xyzzy"</pre><p>
will evaluate to <code class="literal">"Xyzzy"</code> because there is no
<code class="varname">c</code> attribute in the set.</p><p>You can use arbitrary double-quoted strings as attribute
names:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ "foo ${bar}" = 123; "nix-1.0" = 456; }."foo ${bar}"
</pre><p>
This will evaluate to <code class="literal">123</code> (Assuming
<code class="literal">bar</code> is antiquotable). In the case where an
attribute name is just a single antiquotation, the quotes can be
dropped:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ foo = 123; }.${bar} or 456 </pre><p>
This will evaluate to <code class="literal">123</code> if
<code class="literal">bar</code> evaluates to <code class="literal">"foo"</code> when
coerced to a string and <code class="literal">456</code> otherwise (again
assuming <code class="literal">bar</code> is antiquotable).</p><p>In the special case where an attribute name inside of a set declaration
evaluates to <code class="literal">null</code> (which is normally an error, as
<code class="literal">null</code> is not antiquotable), that attribute is simply not
added to the set:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ ${if foo then "bar" else null} = true; }</pre><p>
This will evaluate to <code class="literal">{}</code> if <code class="literal">foo</code>
evaluates to <code class="literal">false</code>.</p><p>A set that has a <code class="literal">__functor</code> attribute whose value
is callable (i.e. is itself a function or a set with a
<code class="literal">__functor</code> attribute whose value is callable) can be
applied as if it were a function, with the set itself passed in first
, e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let add = { __functor = self: x: x + self.x; };
inc = add // { x = 1; };
in inc 1
</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">2</code>. This can be used to attach metadata to a
function without the caller needing to treat it specially, or to implement
a form of object-oriented programming, for example.
</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-constructs"></a>15.2. Language Constructs</h2></div></div></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301335376"></a>Recursive sets</h3></div></div></div><p>Recursive sets are just normal sets, but the attributes can
refer to each other. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
rec {
x = y;
y = 123;
}.x
</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">123</code>. Note that without
<code class="literal">rec</code> the binding <code class="literal">x = y;</code> would
refer to the variable <code class="varname">y</code> in the surrounding scope,
if one exists, and would be invalid if no such variable exists. That
is, in a normal (non-recursive) set, attributes are not added to the
lexical scope; in a recursive set, they are.</p><p>Recursive sets of course introduce the danger of infinite
recursion. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
rec {
x = y;
y = x;
}.x</pre><p>
does not terminate<a href="#ftn.idm139733301331328" class="footnote" id="idm139733301331328"><sup class="footnote">[6]</sup></a>.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sect-let-expressions"></a>Let-expressions</h3></div></div></div><p>A let-expression allows you to define local variables for an
expression. For instance,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let
x = "foo";
y = "bar";
in x + y</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">"foobar"</code>.
</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301327568"></a>Inheriting attributes</h3></div></div></div><p>When defining a set or in a let-expression it is often convenient to copy variables
from the surrounding lexical scope (e.g., when you want to propagate
attributes). This can be shortened using the
<code class="literal">inherit</code> keyword. For instance,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let x = 123; in
{ inherit x;
y = 456;
}</pre><p>
is equivalent to
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let x = 123; in
{ x = x;
y = 456;
}</pre><p>
and both evaluate to <code class="literal">{ x = 123; y = 456; }</code>. (Note that
this works because <code class="varname">x</code> is added to the lexical scope
by the <code class="literal">let</code> construct.) It is also possible to
inherit attributes from another set. For instance, in this fragment
from <code class="filename">all-packages.nix</code>,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
graphviz = (import ../tools/graphics/graphviz) {
inherit fetchurl stdenv libpng libjpeg expat x11 yacc;
inherit (xlibs) libXaw;
};
xlibs = {
libX11 = ...;
libXaw = ...;
...
}
libpng = ...;
libjpg = ...;
...</pre><p>
the set used in the function call to the function defined in
<code class="filename">../tools/graphics/graphviz</code> inherits a number of
variables from the surrounding scope (<code class="varname">fetchurl</code>
... <code class="varname">yacc</code>), but also inherits
<code class="varname">libXaw</code> (the X Athena Widgets) from the
<code class="varname">xlibs</code> (X11 client-side libraries) set.</p><p>
Summarizing the fragment
</p><pre class="programlisting">
...
inherit x y z;
inherit (src-set) a b c;
...</pre><p>
is equivalent to
</p><pre class="programlisting">
...
x = x; y = y; z = z;
a = src-set.a; b = src-set.b; c = src-set.c;
...</pre><p>
when used while defining local variables in a let-expression or
while defining a set.</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="ss-functions"></a>Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>Functions have the following form:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
<em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em>: <em class="replaceable"><code>body</code></em></pre><p>
The pattern specifies what the argument of the function must look
like, and binds variables in the body to (parts of) the
argument. There are three kinds of patterns:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>If a pattern is a single identifier, then the
function matches any argument. Example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let negate = x: !x;
concat = x: y: x + y;
in if negate true then concat "foo" "bar" else ""</pre><p>
Note that <code class="function">concat</code> is a function that takes one
argument and returns a function that takes another argument. This
allows partial parameterisation (i.e., only filling some of the
arguments of a function); e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
map (concat "foo") [ "bar" "bla" "abc" ]</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "foobar" "foobla"
"fooabc" ]</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>set pattern</em></span> of the form
<code class="literal">{ name1, name2, …, nameN }</code> matches a set
containing the listed attributes, and binds the values of those
attributes to variables in the function body. For example, the
function
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ x, y, z }: z + y + x</pre><p>
can only be called with a set containing exactly the attributes
<code class="varname">x</code>, <code class="varname">y</code> and
<code class="varname">z</code>. No other attributes are allowed. If you want
to allow additional arguments, you can use an ellipsis
(<code class="literal">...</code>):
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x</pre><p>
This works on any set that contains at least the three named
attributes.</p><p>It is possible to provide <span class="emphasis"><em>default values</em></span>
for attributes, in which case they are allowed to be missing. A
default value is specified by writing
<code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ?
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></code>, where
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> is an arbitrary expression. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ x, y ? "foo", z ? "bar" }: z + y + x</pre><p>
specifies a function that only requires an attribute named
<code class="varname">x</code>, but optionally accepts <code class="varname">y</code>
and <code class="varname">z</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>An <code class="literal">@</code>-pattern provides a means of referring
to the whole value being matched:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> args@{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x + args.a</pre><p>
but can also be written as:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> { x, y, z, ... } @ args: z + y + x + args.a</pre><p>
Here <code class="varname">args</code> is bound to the entire argument, which
is further matched against the pattern <code class="literal">{ x, y, z,
... }</code>. <code class="literal">@</code>-pattern makes mainly sense with an
ellipsis(<code class="literal">...</code>) as you can access attribute names as
<code class="literal">a</code>, using <code class="literal">args.a</code>, which was given as an
additional attribute to the function.
</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
The <code class="literal">args@</code> expression is bound to the argument passed to the function which
means that attributes with defaults that aren't explicitly specified in the function call
won't cause an evaluation error, but won't exist in <code class="literal">args</code>.
</p><p>
For instance
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let
function = args@{ a ? 23, ... }: args;
in
function {}
</pre><p>
will evaluate to an empty attribute set.
</p></div></li></ul></div><p>Note that functions do not have names. If you want to give them
a name, you can bind them to an attribute, e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let concat = { x, y }: x + y;
in concat { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; }</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301295536"></a>Conditionals</h3></div></div></div><p>Conditionals look like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
if <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> then <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em> else <em class="replaceable"><code>e3</code></em></pre><p>
where <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> is an expression that should
evaluate to a Boolean value (<code class="literal">true</code> or
<code class="literal">false</code>).</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301291568"></a>Assertions</h3></div></div></div><p>Assertions are generally used to check that certain requirements
on or between features and dependencies hold. They look like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
assert <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em>; <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></pre><p>
where <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> is an expression that should
evaluate to a Boolean value. If it evaluates to
<code class="literal">true</code>, <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em> is returned;
otherwise expression evaluation is aborted and a backtrace is printed.</p><div class="example"><a id="ex-subversion-nix"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.1. Nix expression for Subversion</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
{ localServer ? false
, httpServer ? false
, sslSupport ? false
, pythonBindings ? false
, javaSwigBindings ? false
, javahlBindings ? false
, stdenv, fetchurl
, openssl ? null, httpd ? null, db4 ? null, expat, swig ? null, j2sdk ? null
}:
assert localServer -&gt; db4 != null; <a id="ex-subversion-nix-co-1"></a>(1)
assert httpServer -&gt; httpd != null &amp;&amp; httpd.expat == expat; <a id="ex-subversion-nix-co-2"></a>(2)
assert sslSupport -&gt; openssl != null &amp;&amp; (httpServer -&gt; httpd.openssl == openssl); <a id="ex-subversion-nix-co-3"></a>(3)
assert pythonBindings -&gt; swig != null &amp;&amp; swig.pythonSupport;
assert javaSwigBindings -&gt; swig != null &amp;&amp; swig.javaSupport;
assert javahlBindings -&gt; j2sdk != null;
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "subversion-1.1.1";
...
openssl = if sslSupport then openssl else null; <a id="ex-subversion-nix-co-4"></a>(4)
...
}</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p><a class="xref" href="#ex-subversion-nix" title="Example 15.1. Nix expression for Subversion">Example 15.1, “Nix expression for Subversion”</a> show how assertions are
used in the Nix expression for Subversion.</p><div class="calloutlist"><table border="0" summary="Callout list"><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-subversion-nix-co-1">(1)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>This assertion states that if Subversion is to have support
for local repositories, then Berkeley DB is needed. So if the
Subversion function is called with the
<code class="varname">localServer</code> argument set to
<code class="literal">true</code> but the <code class="varname">db4</code> argument
set to <code class="literal">null</code>, then the evaluation fails.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-subversion-nix-co-2">(2)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>This is a more subtle condition: if Subversion is built with
Apache (<code class="literal">httpServer</code>) support, then the Expat
library (an XML library) used by Subversion should be same as the
one used by Apache. This is because in this configuration
Subversion code ends up being linked with Apache code, and if the
Expat libraries do not match, a build- or runtime link error or
incompatibility might occur.</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-subversion-nix-co-3">(3)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>This assertion says that in order for Subversion to have SSL
support (so that it can access <code class="literal">https</code> URLs), an
OpenSSL library must be passed. Additionally, it says that
<span class="emphasis"><em>if</em></span> Apache support is enabled, then Apache's
OpenSSL should match Subversion's. (Note that if Apache support
is not enabled, we don't care about Apache's OpenSSL.)</p></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" valign="top" align="left"><p><a href="#ex-subversion-nix-co-4">(4)</a> </p></td><td valign="top" align="left"><p>The conditional here is not really related to assertions,
but is worth pointing out: it ensures that if SSL support is
disabled, then the Subversion derivation is not dependent on
OpenSSL, even if a non-<code class="literal">null</code> value was passed.
This prevents an unnecessary rebuild of Subversion if OpenSSL
changes.</p></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301272384"></a>With-expressions</h3></div></div></div><p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>with-expression</em></span>,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
with <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em>; <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></pre><p>
introduces the set <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> into the lexical
scope of the expression <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>. For instance,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let as = { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; };
in with as; x + y</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">"foobar"</code> since the
<code class="literal">with</code> adds the <code class="varname">x</code> and
<code class="varname">y</code> attributes of <code class="varname">as</code> to the
lexical scope in the expression <code class="literal">x + y</code>. The most
common use of <code class="literal">with</code> is in conjunction with the
<code class="function">import</code> function. E.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
with (import ./definitions.nix); ...</pre><p>
makes all attributes defined in the file
<code class="filename">definitions.nix</code> available as if they were defined
locally in a <code class="literal">let</code>-expression.</p><p>The bindings introduced by <code class="literal">with</code> do not shadow bindings
introduced by other means, e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let a = 3; in with { a = 1; }; let a = 4; in with { a = 2; }; ...</pre><p>
establishes the same scope as
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let a = 1; in let a = 2; in let a = 3; in let a = 4; in ...</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="simplesect"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="idm139733301261632"></a>Comments</h3></div></div></div><p>Comments can be single-line, started with a <code class="literal">#</code>
character, or inline/multi-line, enclosed within <code class="literal">/*
... */</code>.</p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec-language-operators"></a>15.3. Operators</h2></div></div></div><p><a class="xref" href="#table-operators" title="Table 15.1. Operators">Table 15.1, “Operators”</a> lists the operators in the
Nix expression language, in order of precedence (from strongest to
weakest binding).</p><div class="table"><a id="table-operators"></a><p class="title"><strong>Table 15.1. Operators</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Operators" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Syntax</th><th>Associativity</th><th>Description</th><th>Precedence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Select</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> <code class="literal">.</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrpath</code></em>
[ <code class="literal">or</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>def</code></em> ]
</td><td>none</td><td>Select attribute denoted by the attribute path
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrpath</code></em> from set
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>. (An attribute path is a
dot-separated list of attribute names.) If the attribute
doesn’t exist, return <em class="replaceable"><code>def</code></em> if
provided, otherwise abort evaluation.</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Application</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></td><td>left</td><td>Call function <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> with
argument <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Arithmetic Negation</td><td><code class="literal">-</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></td><td>none</td><td>Arithmetic negation.</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Has Attribute</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> <code class="literal">?</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrpath</code></em></td><td>none</td><td>Test whether set <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> contains
the attribute denoted by <em class="replaceable"><code>attrpath</code></em>;
return <code class="literal">true</code> or
<code class="literal">false</code>.</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>List Concatenation</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">++</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></td><td>right</td><td>List concatenation.</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Multiplication</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">*</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>,
</td><td>left</td><td>Arithmetic multiplication.</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Division</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">/</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>left</td><td>Arithmetic division.</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Addition</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">+</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>left</td><td>Arithmetic addition.</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Subtraction</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">-</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>left</td><td>Arithmetic subtraction.</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>String Concatenation</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>string1</code></em> <code class="literal">+</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>string2</code></em>
</td><td>left</td><td>String concatenation.</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Not</td><td><code class="literal">!</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></td><td>none</td><td>Boolean negation.</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Update</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">//</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></td><td>right</td><td>Return a set consisting of the attributes in
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em> (with the latter taking
precedence over the former in case of equally named
attributes).</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Less Than</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">&lt;</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>,
</td><td>none</td><td>Arithmetic comparison.</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Less Than or Equal To</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">&lt;=</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>none</td><td>Arithmetic comparison.</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Greater Than</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">&gt;</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>none</td><td>Arithmetic comparison.</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Greater Than or Equal To</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">&gt;=</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>none</td><td>Arithmetic comparison.</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Equality</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">==</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>none</td><td>Equality.</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Inequality</td><td>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">!=</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</td><td>none</td><td>Inequality.</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Logical AND</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">&amp;&amp;</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></td><td>left</td><td>Logical AND.</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Logical OR</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">||</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></td><td>left</td><td>Logical OR.</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Logical Implication</td><td><em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <code class="literal">-&gt;</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></td><td>none</td><td>Logical implication (equivalent to
<code class="literal">!<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> ||
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></code>).</td><td>14</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-derivation"></a>15.4. Derivations</h2></div></div></div><p>The most important built-in function is
<code class="function">derivation</code>, which is used to describe a single
derivation (a build action). It takes as input a set, the attributes
of which specify the inputs of the build.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><a id="attr-system"></a>There must be an attribute named
<code class="varname">system</code> whose value must be a string specifying a
Nix platform identifier, such as <code class="literal">"i686-linux"</code> or
<code class="literal">"x86_64-darwin"</code><a href="#ftn.idm139733301168656" class="footnote" id="idm139733301168656"><sup class="footnote">[7]</sup></a> The build
can only be performed on a machine and operating system matching the
platform identifier. (Nix can automatically forward builds for
other platforms by forwarding them to other machines; see <a class="xref" href="#chap-distributed-builds" title="Chapter 16. Remote Builds">Chapter 16, <em>Remote Builds</em></a>.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>There must be an attribute named
<code class="varname">name</code> whose value must be a string. This is used
as a symbolic name for the package by <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>,
and it is appended to the output paths of the
derivation.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>There must be an attribute named
<code class="varname">builder</code> that identifies the program that is
executed to perform the build. It can be either a derivation or a
source (a local file reference, e.g.,
<code class="filename">./builder.sh</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Every attribute is passed as an environment variable
to the builder. Attribute values are translated to environment
variables as follows:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Strings and numbers are just passed
verbatim.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>path</em></span> (e.g.,
<code class="filename">../foo/sources.tar</code>) causes the referenced
file to be copied to the store; its location in the store is put
in the environment variable. The idea is that all sources
should reside in the Nix store, since all inputs to a derivation
should reside in the Nix store.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>derivation</em></span> causes that
derivation to be built prior to the present derivation; its
default output path is put in the environment
variable.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Lists of the previous types are also allowed.
They are simply concatenated, separated by
spaces.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">true</code> is passed as the string
<code class="literal">1</code>, <code class="literal">false</code> and
<code class="literal">null</code> are passed as an empty string.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The optional attribute <code class="varname">args</code>
specifies command-line arguments to be passed to the builder. It
should be a list.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The optional attribute <code class="varname">outputs</code>
specifies a list of symbolic outputs of the derivation. By default,
a derivation produces a single output path, denoted as
<code class="literal">out</code>. However, derivations can produce multiple
output paths. This is useful because it allows outputs to be
downloaded or garbage-collected separately. For instance, imagine a
library package that provides a dynamic library, header files, and
documentation. A program that links against the library doesn’t
need the header files and documentation at runtime, and it doesn’t
need the documentation at build time. Thus, the library package
could specify:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
outputs = [ "lib" "headers" "doc" ];
</pre><p>
This will cause Nix to pass environment variables
<code class="literal">lib</code>, <code class="literal">headers</code> and
<code class="literal">doc</code> to the builder containing the intended store
paths of each output. The builder would typically do something like
</p><pre class="programlisting">
./configure --libdir=$lib/lib --includedir=$headers/include --docdir=$doc/share/doc
</pre><p>
for an Autoconf-style package. You can refer to each output of a
derivation by selecting it as an attribute, e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
buildInputs = [ pkg.lib pkg.headers ];
</pre><p>
The first element of <code class="varname">outputs</code> determines the
<span class="emphasis"><em>default output</em></span>. Thus, you could also write
</p><pre class="programlisting">
buildInputs = [ pkg pkg.headers ];
</pre><p>
since <code class="literal">pkg</code> is equivalent to
<code class="literal">pkg.lib</code>.</p></li></ul></div><p>The function <code class="function">mkDerivation</code> in the Nixpkgs
standard environment is a wrapper around
<code class="function">derivation</code> that adds a default value for
<code class="varname">system</code> and always uses Bash as the builder, to
which the supplied builder is passed as a command-line argument. See
the Nixpkgs manual for details.</p><p>The builder is executed as follows:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>A temporary directory is created under the directory
specified by <code class="envar">TMPDIR</code> (default
<code class="filename">/tmp</code>) where the build will take place. The
current directory is changed to this directory.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The environment is cleared and set to the derivation
attributes, as specified above.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In addition, the following variables are set:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_TOP</code> contains the path of
the temporary directory for this build.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Also, <code class="envar">TMPDIR</code>,
<code class="envar">TEMPDIR</code>, <code class="envar">TMP</code>, <code class="envar">TEMP</code>
are set to point to the temporary directory. This is to prevent
the builder from accidentally writing temporary files anywhere
else. Doing so might cause interference by other
processes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="envar">PATH</code> is set to
<code class="filename">/path-not-set</code> to prevent shells from
initialising it to their built-in default value.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="envar">HOME</code> is set to
<code class="filename">/homeless-shelter</code> to prevent programs from
using <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> or the like to find the
user's home directory, which could cause impurity. Usually, when
<code class="envar">HOME</code> is set, it is used as the location of the home
directory, even if it points to a non-existent
path.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="envar">NIX_STORE</code> is set to the path of the
top-level Nix store directory (typically,
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>For each output declared in
<code class="varname">outputs</code>, the corresponding environment variable
is set to point to the intended path in the Nix store for that
output. Each output path is a concatenation of the cryptographic
hash of all build inputs, the <code class="varname">name</code> attribute
and the output name. (The output name is omitted if it’s
<code class="literal">out</code>.)</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If an output path already exists, it is removed.
Also, locks are acquired to prevent multiple Nix instances from
performing the same build at the same time.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A log of the combined standard output and error is
written to <code class="filename">/nix/var/log/nix</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The builder is executed with the arguments specified
by the attribute <code class="varname">args</code>. If it exits with exit
code 0, it is considered to have succeeded.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The temporary directory is removed (unless the
<code class="option">-K</code> option was specified).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If the build was successful, Nix scans each output
path for references to input paths by looking for the hash parts of
the input paths. Since these are potential runtime dependencies,
Nix registers them as dependencies of the output
paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>After the build, Nix sets the last-modified
timestamp on all files in the build result to 1 (00:00:01 1/1/1970
UTC), sets the group to the default group, and sets the mode of the
file to 0444 or 0555 (i.e., read-only, with execute permission
enabled if the file was originally executable). Note that possible
<code class="literal">setuid</code> and <code class="literal">setgid</code> bits are
cleared. Setuid and setgid programs are not currently supported by
Nix. This is because the Nix archives used in deployment have no
concept of ownership information, and because it makes the build
result dependent on the user performing the build.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sec-advanced-attributes"></a>15.4.1. Advanced Attributes</h3></div></div></div><p>Derivations can declare some infrequently used optional
attributes.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><a id="adv-attr-allowedReferences"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">allowedReferences</code></span></dt><dd><p>The optional attribute
<code class="varname">allowedReferences</code> specifies a list of legal
references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For
example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
allowedReferences = [];
</pre><p>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any runtime
dependencies on its inputs. To allow an output to have a runtime
dependency on itself, use <code class="literal">"out"</code> as a list item.
This is used in NixOS to check that generated files such as
initial ramdisks for booting Linux don’t have accidental
dependencies on other paths in the Nix store.</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-allowedRequisites"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">allowedRequisites</code></span></dt><dd><p>This attribute is similar to
<code class="varname">allowedReferences</code>, but it specifies the legal
requisites of the whole closure, so all the dependencies
recursively. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
allowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
</pre><p>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any other
runtime dependency than <code class="varname">foobar</code>, and in addition
it enforces that <code class="varname">foobar</code> itself doesn't
introduce any other dependency itself.</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-disallowedReferences"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">disallowedReferences</code></span></dt><dd><p>The optional attribute
<code class="varname">disallowedReferences</code> specifies a list of illegal
references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For
example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
disallowedReferences = [ foo ];
</pre><p>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have a direct runtime
dependencies on the derivation <code class="varname">foo</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-disallowedRequisites"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">disallowedRequisites</code></span></dt><dd><p>This attribute is similar to
<code class="varname">disallowedReferences</code>, but it specifies illegal
requisites for the whole closure, so all the dependencies
recursively. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
disallowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
</pre><p>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any
runtime dependency on <code class="varname">foobar</code> or any other derivation
depending recursively on <code class="varname">foobar</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-exportReferencesGraph"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">exportReferencesGraph</code></span></dt><dd><p>This attribute allows builders access to the
references graph of their inputs. The attribute is a list of
inputs in the Nix store whose references graph the builder needs
to know. The value of this attribute should be a list of pairs
<code class="literal">[ <em class="replaceable"><code>name1</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>name2</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path2</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
]</code>. The references graph of each
<em class="replaceable"><code>pathN</code></em> will be stored in a text file
<em class="replaceable"><code>nameN</code></em> in the temporary build directory.
The text files have the format used by <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--register-validity</strong></span> (with the deriver fields left
empty). For example, when the following derivation is built:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
derivation {
...
exportReferencesGraph = [ "libfoo-graph" libfoo ];
};
</pre><p>
the references graph of <code class="literal">libfoo</code> is placed in the
file <code class="filename">libfoo-graph</code> in the temporary build
directory.</p><p><code class="varname">exportReferencesGraph</code> is useful for
builders that want to do something with the closure of a store
path. Examples include the builders in NixOS that generate the
initial ramdisk for booting Linux (a <span class="command"><strong>cpio</strong></span>
archive containing the closure of the boot script) and the
ISO-9660 image for the installation CD (which is populated with a
Nix store containing the closure of a bootable NixOS
configuration).</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-impureEnvVars"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">impureEnvVars</code></span></dt><dd><p>This attribute allows you to specify a list of
environment variables that should be passed from the environment
of the calling user to the builder. Usually, the environment is
cleared completely when the builder is executed, but with this
attribute you can allow specific environment variables to be
passed unmodified. For example, <code class="function">fetchurl</code> in
Nixpkgs has the line
</p><pre class="programlisting">
impureEnvVars = [ "http_proxy" "https_proxy" <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em> ];
</pre><p>
to make it use the proxy server configuration specified by the
user in the environment variables <code class="envar">http_proxy</code> and
friends.</p><p>This attribute is only allowed in <a class="link" href="#fixed-output-drvs">fixed-output derivations</a>, where
impurities such as these are okay since (the hash of) the output
is known in advance. It is ignored for all other
derivations.</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p><code class="varname">impureEnvVars</code> implementation takes
environment variables from the current builder process. When a daemon is
building its environmental variables are used. Without the daemon, the
environmental variables come from the environment of the
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>.</p></div></dd><dt><a id="fixed-output-drvs"></a><span class="term"><a id="adv-attr-outputHash"></a><code class="varname">outputHash</code>, </span><span class="term"><a id="adv-attr-outputHashAlgo"></a><code class="varname">outputHashAlgo</code>, </span><span class="term"><a id="adv-attr-outputHashMode"></a><code class="varname">outputHashMode</code></span></dt><dd><p>These attributes declare that the derivation is a
so-called <span class="emphasis"><em>fixed-output derivation</em></span>, which
means that a cryptographic hash of the output is already known in
advance. When the build of a fixed-output derivation finishes,
Nix computes the cryptographic hash of the output and compares it
to the hash declared with these attributes. If there is a
mismatch, the build fails.</p><p>The rationale for fixed-output derivations is derivations
such as those produced by the <code class="function">fetchurl</code>
function. This function downloads a file from a given URL. To
ensure that the downloaded file has not been modified, the caller
must also specify a cryptographic hash of the file. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
fetchurl {
url = "http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
</pre><p>
It sometimes happens that the URL of the file changes, e.g.,
because servers are reorganised or no longer available. We then
must update the call to <code class="function">fetchurl</code>, e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
fetchurl {
url = "ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
</pre><p>
If a <code class="function">fetchurl</code> derivation was treated like a
normal derivation, the output paths of the derivation and
<span class="emphasis"><em>all derivations depending on it</em></span> would change.
For instance, if we were to change the URL of the Glibc source
distribution in Nixpkgs (a package on which almost all other
packages depend) massive rebuilds would be needed. This is
unfortunate for a change which we know cannot have a real effect
as it propagates upwards through the dependency graph.</p><p>For fixed-output derivations, on the other hand, the name of
the output path only depends on the <code class="varname">outputHash*</code>
and <code class="varname">name</code> attributes, while all other attributes
are ignored for the purpose of computing the output path. (The
<code class="varname">name</code> attribute is included because it is part
of the path.)</p><p>As an example, here is the (simplified) Nix expression for
<code class="varname">fetchurl</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ stdenv, curl }: # The <span class="command"><strong>curl</strong></span> program is used for downloading.
{ url, sha256 }:
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = baseNameOf (toString url);
builder = ./builder.sh;
buildInputs = [ curl ];
# This is a fixed-output derivation; the output must be a regular
# file with SHA256 hash <code class="varname">sha256</code>.
outputHashMode = "flat";
outputHashAlgo = "sha256";
outputHash = sha256;
inherit url;
}
</pre><p>
</p><p>The <code class="varname">outputHashAlgo</code> attribute specifies
the hash algorithm used to compute the hash. It can currently be
<code class="literal">"sha1"</code>, <code class="literal">"sha256"</code> or
<code class="literal">"sha512"</code>.</p><p>The <code class="varname">outputHashMode</code> attribute determines
how the hash is computed. It must be one of the following two
values:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"flat"</code></span></dt><dd><p>The output must be a non-executable regular
file. If it isn’t, the build fails. The hash is simply
computed over the contents of that file (so it’s equal to what
Unix commands like <span class="command"><strong>sha256sum</strong></span> or
<span class="command"><strong>sha1sum</strong></span> produce).</p><p>This is the default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">"recursive"</code></span></dt><dd><p>The hash is computed over the NAR archive dump
of the output (i.e., the result of <a class="link" href="#refsec-nix-store-dump" title="Operation --dump"><span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--dump</strong></span></a>). In this case, the output can be
anything, including a directory tree.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p><p>The <code class="varname">outputHash</code> attribute, finally, must
be a string containing the hash in either hexadecimal or base-32
notation. (See the <a class="link" href="#sec-nix-hash" title="nix-hash"><span class="command"><strong>nix-hash</strong></span> command</a>
for information about converting to and from base-32
notation.)</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-passAsFile"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">passAsFile</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of names of attributes that should be
passed via files rather than environment variables. For example,
if you have
</p><pre class="programlisting">
passAsFile = ["big"];
big = "a very long string";
</pre><p>
then when the builder runs, the environment variable
<code class="envar">bigPath</code> will contain the absolute path to a
temporary file containing <code class="literal">a very long
string</code>. That is, for any attribute
<em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> listed in
<code class="varname">passAsFile</code>, Nix will pass an environment
variable <code class="envar"><em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em>Path</code> holding
the path of the file containing the value of attribute
<em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em>. This is useful when you need to pass
large strings to a builder, since most operating systems impose a
limit on the size of the environment (typically, a few hundred
kilobyte).</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-preferLocalBuild"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">preferLocalBuild</code></span></dt><dd><p>If this attribute is set to
<code class="literal">true</code> and <a class="link" href="#chap-distributed-builds" title="Chapter 16. Remote Builds">distributed building is
enabled</a>, then, if possible, the derivaton will be built
locally instead of forwarded to a remote machine. This is
appropriate for trivial builders where the cost of doing a
download or remote build would exceed the cost of building
locally.</p></dd><dt><a id="adv-attr-allowSubstitutes"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">allowSubstitutes</code></span></dt><dd><p>If this attribute is set to
<code class="literal">false</code>, then Nix will always build this
derivation; it will not try to substitute its outputs. This is
useful for very trivial derivations (such as
<code class="function">writeText</code> in Nixpkgs) that are cheaper to
build than to substitute from a binary cache.</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>You need to have a builder configured which satisfies
the derivation’s <code class="literal">system</code> attribute, since the
derivation cannot be substituted. Thus it is usually a good idea
to align <code class="literal">system</code> with
<code class="literal">builtins.currentSystem</code> when setting
<code class="literal">allowSubstitutes</code> to <code class="literal">false</code>.
For most trivial derivations this should be the case.
</p></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-builtins"></a>15.5. Built-in Functions</h2></div></div></div><p>This section lists the functions and constants built into the
Nix expression evaluator. (The built-in function
<code class="function">derivation</code> is discussed above.) Some built-ins,
such as <code class="function">derivation</code>, are always in scope of every
Nix expression; you can just access them right away. But to prevent
polluting the namespace too much, most built-ins are not in scope.
Instead, you can access them through the <code class="varname">builtins</code>
built-in value, which is a set that contains all built-in functions
and values. For instance, <code class="function">derivation</code> is also
available as <code class="function">builtins.derivation</code>.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><a id="builtin-abort"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">abort</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.abort</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Abort Nix expression evaluation, print error
message <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-add"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.add</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
</span></dt><dd><p>Return the sum of the numbers
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-all"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.all</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>pred</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if the function
<em class="replaceable"><code>pred</code></em> returns <code class="literal">true</code>
for all elements of <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em>,
and <code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-any"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.any</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>pred</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if the function
<em class="replaceable"><code>pred</code></em> returns <code class="literal">true</code>
for at least one element of <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em>,
and <code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-attrNames"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.attrNames</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the names of the attributes in the set
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em> in an alphabetically sorted list. For instance,
<code class="literal">builtins.attrNames { y = 1; x = "foo"; }</code>
evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "x" "y" ]</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-attrValues"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.attrValues</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the values of the attributes in the set
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em> in the order corresponding to the
sorted attribute names.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-baseNameOf"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">baseNameOf</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the <span class="emphasis"><em>base name</em></span> of the
string <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, that is, everything following
the final slash in the string. This is similar to the GNU
<span class="command"><strong>basename</strong></span> command.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-bitAnd"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.bitAnd</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the bitwise AND of the integers
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-bitOr"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.bitOr</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the bitwise OR of the integers
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-bitXor"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.bitXor</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the bitwise XOR of the integers
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-builtins"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">builtins</code></span></dt><dd><p>The set <code class="varname">builtins</code> contains all
the built-in functions and values. You can use
<code class="varname">builtins</code> to test for the availability of
features in the Nix installation, e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
if builtins ? getEnv then builtins.getEnv "PATH" else ""</pre><p>
This allows a Nix expression to fall back gracefully on older Nix
installations that don’t have the desired built-in
function.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-compareVersions"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.compareVersions</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>s2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Compare two strings representing versions and
return <code class="literal">-1</code> if version
<em class="replaceable"><code>s1</code></em> is older than version
<em class="replaceable"><code>s2</code></em>, <code class="literal">0</code> if they are
the same, and <code class="literal">1</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>s1</code></em> is newer than
<em class="replaceable"><code>s2</code></em>. The version comparison algorithm
is the same as the one used by <a class="link" href="#ssec-version-comparisons" title="Versions"><span class="command"><strong>nix-env
-u</strong></span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-concatLists"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.concatLists</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>lists</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Concatenate a list of lists into a single
list.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-concatStringsSep"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.concatStringsSep</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>separator</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Concatenate a list of strings with a separator
between each element, e.g. <code class="literal">concatStringsSep "/"
["usr" "local" "bin"] == "usr/local/bin"</code></p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-currentSystem"></a><span class="term"><code class="varname">builtins.currentSystem</code></span></dt><dd><p>The built-in value <code class="varname">currentSystem</code>
evaluates to the Nix platform identifier for the Nix installation
on which the expression is being evaluated, such as
<code class="literal">"i686-linux"</code> or
<code class="literal">"x86_64-darwin"</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-deepSeq"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.deepSeq</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>This is like <code class="literal">seq
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></code>, except that
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> is evaluated
<span class="emphasis"><em>deeply</em></span>: if it’s a list or set, its elements
or attributes are also evaluated recursively.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-derivation"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">derivation</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrs</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.derivation</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrs</code></em></span></dt><dd><p><code class="function">derivation</code> is described in
<a class="xref" href="#ssec-derivation" title="15.4. Derivations">Section 15.4, “Derivations”</a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-dirOf"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">dirOf</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.dirOf</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the directory part of the string
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, that is, everything before the final
slash in the string. This is similar to the GNU
<span class="command"><strong>dirname</strong></span> command.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-div"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.div</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the quotient of the numbers
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-elem"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.elem</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>xs</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if a value equal to
<em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> occurs in the list
<em class="replaceable"><code>xs</code></em>, and <code class="literal">false</code>
otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-elemAt"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.elemAt</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>xs</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return element <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> from
the list <em class="replaceable"><code>xs</code></em>. Elements are counted
starting from 0. A fatal error occurs if the index is out of
bounds.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-fetchurl"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.fetchurl</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Download the specified URL and return the path of
the downloaded file. This function is not available if <a class="link" href="#conf-restrict-eval">restricted evaluation mode</a> is
enabled.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-fetchTarball"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">fetchTarball</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.fetchTarball</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Download the specified URL, unpack it and return
the path of the unpacked tree. The file must be a tape archive
(<code class="filename">.tar</code>) compressed with
<code class="literal">gzip</code>, <code class="literal">bzip2</code> or
<code class="literal">xz</code>. The top-level path component of the files
in the tarball is removed, so it is best if the tarball contains a
single directory at top level. The typical use of the function is
to obtain external Nix expression dependencies, such as a
particular version of Nixpkgs, e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
with import (fetchTarball https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz) {};
stdenv.mkDerivation { … }
</pre><p>
</p><p>The fetched tarball is cached for a certain amount of time
(1 hour by default) in <code class="filename">~/.cache/nix/tarballs/</code>.
You can change the cache timeout either on the command line with
<code class="option">--option tarball-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number of seconds</code></em></code> or
in the Nix configuration file with this option:
<code class="literal"><a class="xref" href="#conf-tarball-ttl"><code class="literal">tarball-ttl</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>number of seconds to cache</code></em></code>.
</p><p>Note that when obtaining the hash with <code class="varname">nix-prefetch-url
</code> the option <code class="varname">--unpack</code> is required.
</p><p>This function can also verify the contents against a hash.
In that case, the function takes a set instead of a URL. The set
requires the attribute <code class="varname">url</code> and the attribute
<code class="varname">sha256</code>, e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
with import (fetchTarball {
url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1jppksrfvbk5ypiqdz4cddxdl8z6zyzdb2srq8fcffr327ld5jj2";
}) {};
stdenv.mkDerivation { … }
</pre><p>
</p><p>This function is not available if <a class="link" href="#conf-restrict-eval">restricted evaluation mode</a> is
enabled.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-fetchGit"></a><span class="term">
<code class="function">builtins.fetchGit</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Fetch a path from git. <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> can be
a URL, in which case the HEAD of the repo at that URL is
fetched. Otherwise, it can be an attribute with the following
attributes (all except <code class="varname">url</code> optional):
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">url</span></dt><dd><p>
The URL of the repo.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">name</span></dt><dd><p>
The name of the directory the repo should be exported to
in the store. Defaults to the basename of the URL.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">rev</span></dt><dd><p>
The git revision to fetch. Defaults to the tip of
<code class="varname">ref</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ref</span></dt><dd><p>
The git ref to look for the requested revision under.
This is often a branch or tag name. Defaults to
<code class="literal">HEAD</code>.
</p><p>
By default, the <code class="varname">ref</code> value is prefixed
with <code class="literal">refs/heads/</code>. As of Nix 2.3.0
Nix will not prefix <code class="literal">refs/heads/</code> if
<code class="varname">ref</code> starts with <code class="literal">refs/</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">submodules</span></dt><dd><p>
A Boolean parameter that specifies whether submodules
should be checked out. Defaults to
<code class="literal">false</code>.
</p></dd></dl></div><div class="example"><a id="idm139733300931888"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.2. Fetching a private repository over SSH</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">builtins.fetchGit {
url = "git@github.com:my-secret/repository.git";
ref = "master";
rev = "adab8b916a45068c044658c4158d81878f9ed1c3";
}</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example"><a id="idm139733300930528"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.3. Fetching an arbitrary ref</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">builtins.fetchGit {
url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nix.git";
ref = "refs/heads/0.5-release";
}</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example"><a id="idm139733300929216"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.4. Fetching a repository's specific commit on an arbitrary branch</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p>
If the revision you're looking for is in the default branch
of the git repository you don't strictly need to specify
the branch name in the <code class="varname">ref</code> attribute.
</p><p>
However, if the revision you're looking for is in a future
branch for the non-default branch you will need to specify
the the <code class="varname">ref</code> attribute as well.
</p><pre class="programlisting">builtins.fetchGit {
url = "https://github.com/nixos/nix.git";
rev = "841fcbd04755c7a2865c51c1e2d3b045976b7452";
ref = "1.11-maintenance";
}</pre><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
It is nice to always specify the branch which a revision
belongs to. Without the branch being specified, the
fetcher might fail if the default branch changes.
Additionally, it can be confusing to try a commit from a
non-default branch and see the fetch fail. If the branch
is specified the fault is much more obvious.
</p></div></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example"><a id="idm139733300924656"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.5. Fetching a repository's specific commit on the default branch</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p>
If the revision you're looking for is in the default branch
of the git repository you may omit the
<code class="varname">ref</code> attribute.
</p><pre class="programlisting">builtins.fetchGit {
url = "https://github.com/nixos/nix.git";
rev = "841fcbd04755c7a2865c51c1e2d3b045976b7452";
}</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example"><a id="idm139733300922352"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.6. Fetching a tag</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">builtins.fetchGit {
url = "https://github.com/nixos/nix.git";
ref = "refs/tags/1.9";
}</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example"><a id="idm139733300921056"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.7. Fetching the latest version of a remote branch</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p>
<code class="function">builtins.fetchGit</code> can behave impurely
fetch the latest version of a remote branch.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Nix will refetch the branch in accordance to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-tarball-ttl"><code class="literal">tarball-ttl</code></a>.</p></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>This behavior is disabled in
<span class="emphasis"><em>Pure evaluation mode</em></span>.</p></div><pre class="programlisting">builtins.fetchGit {
url = "ssh://git@github.com/nixos/nix.git";
ref = "master";
}</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.filter</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>f</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>xs</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a list consisting of the elements of
<em class="replaceable"><code>xs</code></em> for which the function
<em class="replaceable"><code>f</code></em> returns
<code class="literal">true</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-filterSource"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.filterSource</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>This function allows you to copy sources into the Nix
store while filtering certain files. For instance, suppose that
you want to use the directory <code class="filename">source-dir</code> as
an input to a Nix expression, e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
stdenv.mkDerivation {
...
src = ./source-dir;
}
</pre><p>
However, if <code class="filename">source-dir</code> is a Subversion
working copy, then all those annoying <code class="filename">.svn</code>
subdirectories will also be copied to the store. Worse, the
contents of those directories may change a lot, causing lots of
spurious rebuilds. With <code class="function">filterSource</code> you
can filter out the <code class="filename">.svn</code> directories:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
src = builtins.filterSource
(path: type: type != "directory" || baseNameOf path != ".svn")
./source-dir;
</pre><p>
</p><p>Thus, the first argument <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em>
must be a predicate function that is called for each regular
file, directory or symlink in the source tree
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>. If the function returns
<code class="literal">true</code>, the file is copied to the Nix store,
otherwise it is omitted. The function is called with two
arguments. The first is the full path of the file. The second
is a string that identifies the type of the file, which is
either <code class="literal">"regular"</code>,
<code class="literal">"directory"</code>, <code class="literal">"symlink"</code> or
<code class="literal">"unknown"</code> (for other kinds of files such as
device nodes or fifos — but note that those cannot be copied to
the Nix store, so if the predicate returns
<code class="literal">true</code> for them, the copy will fail). If you
exclude a directory, the entire corresponding subtree of
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em> will be excluded.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-foldl-prime"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.foldl’</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>op</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>nul</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Reduce a list by applying a binary operator, from
left to right, e.g. <code class="literal">foldl’ op nul [x0 x1 x2 ...] = op (op
(op nul x0) x1) x2) ...</code>. The operator is applied
strictly, i.e., its arguments are evaluated first. For example,
<code class="literal">foldl’ (x: y: x + y) 0 [1 2 3]</code> evaluates to
6.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-functionArgs"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.functionArgs</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>f</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
Return a set containing the names of the formal arguments expected
by the function <em class="replaceable"><code>f</code></em>.
The value of each attribute is a Boolean denoting whether the corresponding
argument has a default value. For instance,
<code class="literal">functionArgs ({ x, y ? 123}: ...) = { x = false; y = true; }</code>.
</p><p>"Formal argument" here refers to the attributes pattern-matched by
the function. Plain lambdas are not included, e.g.
<code class="literal">functionArgs (x: ...) = { }</code>.
</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-fromJSON"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.fromJSON</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Convert a JSON string to a Nix
value. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.fromJSON ''{"x": [1, 2, 3], "y": null}''
</pre><p>
returns the value <code class="literal">{ x = [ 1 2 3 ]; y = null;
}</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-genList"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.genList</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>length</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Generate list of size
<em class="replaceable"><code>length</code></em>, with each element
<em class="replaceable"><code>i</code></em> equal to the value returned by
<em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em> <code class="literal">i</code>. For
example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.genList (x: x * x) 5
</pre><p>
returns the list <code class="literal">[ 0 1 4 9 16 ]</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-getAttr"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.getAttr</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em></span></dt><dd><p><code class="function">getAttr</code> returns the attribute
named <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em> from
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em>. Evaluation aborts if the
attribute doesn’t exist. This is a dynamic version of the
<code class="literal">.</code> operator, since <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>
is an expression rather than an identifier.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-getEnv"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.getEnv</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p><code class="function">getEnv</code> returns the value of
the environment variable <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, or an empty
string if the variable doesn’t exist. This function should be
used with care, as it can introduce all sorts of nasty environment
dependencies in your Nix expression.</p><p><code class="function">getEnv</code> is used in Nix Packages to
locate the file <code class="filename">~/.nixpkgs/config.nix</code>, which
contains user-local settings for Nix Packages. (That is, it does
a <code class="literal">getEnv "HOME"</code> to locate the user’s home
directory.)</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-hasAttr"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.hasAttr</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em></span></dt><dd><p><code class="function">hasAttr</code> returns
<code class="literal">true</code> if <em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em> has an
attribute named <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise. This is a dynamic version of
the <code class="literal">?</code> operator, since
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em> is an expression rather than an
identifier.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-hashString"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.hashString</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a base-16 representation of the
cryptographic hash of string <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>. The
hash algorithm specified by <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> must
be one of <code class="literal">"md5"</code>, <code class="literal">"sha1"</code>,
<code class="literal">"sha256"</code> or <code class="literal">"sha512"</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-hashFile"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.hashFile</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a base-16 representation of the
cryptographic hash of the file at path <em class="replaceable"><code>p</code></em>. The
hash algorithm specified by <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> must
be one of <code class="literal">"md5"</code>, <code class="literal">"sha1"</code>,
<code class="literal">"sha256"</code> or <code class="literal">"sha512"</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-head"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.head</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the first element of a list; abort
evaluation if the argument isn’t a list or is an empty list. You
can test whether a list is empty by comparing it with
<code class="literal">[]</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-import"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">import</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.import</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Load, parse and return the Nix expression in the
file <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>. If <em class="replaceable"><code>path
</code></em> is a directory, the file <code class="filename">default.nix
</code> in that directory is loaded. Evaluation aborts if the
file doesn’t exist or contains an incorrect Nix expression.
<code class="function">import</code> implements Nix’s module system: you
can put any Nix expression (such as a set or a function) in a
separate file, and use it from Nix expressions in other
files.</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Unlike some languages, <code class="function">import</code> is a regular
function in Nix. Paths using the angle bracket syntax (e.g., <code class="function">
import</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>&lt;foo&gt;</code></em>) are normal path
values (see <a class="xref" href="#ssec-values" title="15.1. Values">Section 15.1, “Values”</a>).</p></div><p>A Nix expression loaded by <code class="function">import</code> must
not contain any <span class="emphasis"><em>free variables</em></span> (identifiers
that are not defined in the Nix expression itself and are not
built-in). Therefore, it cannot refer to variables that are in
scope at the call site. For instance, if you have a calling
expression
</p><pre class="programlisting">
rec {
x = 123;
y = import ./foo.nix;
}</pre><p>
then the following <code class="filename">foo.nix</code> will give an
error:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
x + 456</pre><p>
since <code class="varname">x</code> is not in scope in
<code class="filename">foo.nix</code>. If you want <code class="varname">x</code>
to be available in <code class="filename">foo.nix</code>, you should pass
it as a function argument:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
rec {
x = 123;
y = import ./foo.nix x;
}</pre><p>
and
</p><pre class="programlisting">
x: x + 456</pre><p>
(The function argument doesn’t have to be called
<code class="varname">x</code> in <code class="filename">foo.nix</code>; any name
would work.)</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-intersectAttrs"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.intersectAttrs</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a set consisting of the attributes in the
set <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em> that also exist in the set
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isAttrs"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isAttrs</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to a set, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isList"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isList</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to a list, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isFunction"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isFunction</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to a function, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isString"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isString</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to a string, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isInt"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isInt</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to an int, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isFloat"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isFloat</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to a float, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isBool"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isBool</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to a bool, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isPath</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to a path, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-isNull"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">isNull</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.isNull</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluates to <code class="literal">null</code>,
and <code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>This function is <span class="emphasis"><em>deprecated</em></span>;
just write <code class="literal">e == null</code> instead.</p></div></dd><dt><a id="builtin-length"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.length</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the length of the list
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-lessThan"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.lessThan</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if the number
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> is less than the number
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>, and <code class="literal">false</code>
otherwise. Evaluation aborts if either
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> or <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>
does not evaluate to a number.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-listToAttrs"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.listToAttrs</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Construct a set from a list specifying the names
and values of each attribute. Each element of the list should be
a set consisting of a string-valued attribute
<code class="varname">name</code> specifying the name of the attribute, and
an attribute <code class="varname">value</code> specifying its value.
Example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.listToAttrs
[ { name = "foo"; value = 123; }
{ name = "bar"; value = 456; }
]
</pre><p>
evaluates to
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ foo = 123; bar = 456; }
</pre><p>
</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-map"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">map</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>f</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.map</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>f</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Apply the function <em class="replaceable"><code>f</code></em> to
each element in the list <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em>. For
example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
map (x: "foo" + x) [ "bar" "bla" "abc" ]</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "foobar" "foobla" "fooabc"
]</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-match"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.match</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>regex</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>str</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Returns a list if the <a class="link" href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap09.html#tag_09_04" target="_top">extended
POSIX regular expression</a> <em class="replaceable"><code>regex</code></em>
matches <em class="replaceable"><code>str</code></em> precisely, otherwise returns
<code class="literal">null</code>. Each item in the list is a regex group.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.match "ab" "abc"
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">null</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.match "abc" "abc"
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">[ ]</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.match "a(b)(c)" "abc"
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "b" "c" ]</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.match "[[:space:]]+([[:upper:]]+)[[:space:]]+" " FOO "
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "foo" ]</code>.
</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-mul"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.mul</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the product of the numbers
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-parseDrvName"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.parseDrvName</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Split the string <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em> into
a package name and version. The package name is everything up to
but not including the first dash followed by a digit, and the
version is everything following that dash. The result is returned
in a set <code class="literal">{ name, version }</code>. Thus,
<code class="literal">builtins.parseDrvName "nix-0.12pre12876"</code>
returns <code class="literal">{ name = "nix"; version = "0.12pre12876";
}</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-path"></a><span class="term">
<code class="function">builtins.path</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em>
</span></dt><dd><p>
An enrichment of the built-in path type, based on the attributes
present in <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em>. All are optional
except <code class="varname">path</code>:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">path</span></dt><dd><p>The underlying path.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">name</span></dt><dd><p>
The name of the path when added to the store. This can
used to reference paths that have nix-illegal characters
in their names, like <code class="literal">@</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">filter</span></dt><dd><p>
A function of the type expected by
<a class="link" href="#builtin-filterSource">builtins.filterSource</a>,
with the same semantics.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">recursive</span></dt><dd><p>
When <code class="literal">false</code>, when
<code class="varname">path</code> is added to the store it is with a
flat hash, rather than a hash of the NAR serialization of
the file. Thus, <code class="varname">path</code> must refer to a
regular file, not a directory. This allows similar
behavior to <code class="literal">fetchurl</code>. Defaults to
<code class="literal">true</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">sha256</span></dt><dd><p>
When provided, this is the expected hash of the file at
the path. Evaluation will fail if the hash is incorrect,
and providing a hash allows
<code class="literal">builtins.path</code> to be used even when the
<code class="literal">pure-eval</code> nix config option is on.
</p></dd></dl></div></dd><dt><a id="builtin-pathExists"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.pathExists</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <code class="literal">true</code> if the path
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> exists at evaluation time, and
<code class="literal">false</code> otherwise.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-placeholder"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.placeholder</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>output</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a placeholder string for the specified
<em class="replaceable"><code>output</code></em> that will be substituted by the
corresponding output path at build time. Typical outputs would be
<code class="literal">"out"</code>, <code class="literal">"bin"</code> or
<code class="literal">"dev"</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-readDir"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.readDir</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the contents of the directory
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> as a set mapping directory entries
to the corresponding file type. For instance, if directory
<code class="filename">A</code> contains a regular file
<code class="filename">B</code> and another directory
<code class="filename">C</code>, then <code class="literal">builtins.readDir
./A</code> will return the set
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ B = "regular"; C = "directory"; }</pre><p>
The possible values for the file type are
<code class="literal">"regular"</code>, <code class="literal">"directory"</code>,
<code class="literal">"symlink"</code> and
<code class="literal">"unknown"</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-readFile"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.readFile</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the contents of the file
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> as a string.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-removeAttrs"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">removeAttrs</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.removeAttrs</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Remove the attributes listed in
<em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em> from
<em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em>. The attributes don’t have to
exist in <em class="replaceable"><code>set</code></em>. For instance,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
removeAttrs { x = 1; y = 2; z = 3; } [ "a" "x" "z" ]</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">{ y = 2; }</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-replaceStrings"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.replaceStrings</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>from</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>to</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Given string <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, replace
every occurrence of the strings in <em class="replaceable"><code>from</code></em>
with the corresponding string in
<em class="replaceable"><code>to</code></em>. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.replaceStrings ["oo" "a"] ["a" "i"] "foobar"
</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">"fabir"</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-seq"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.seq</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Evaluate <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em>, then
evaluate and return <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>. This ensures
that a computation is strict in the value of
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-sort"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.sort</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>comparator</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em> in sorted
order. It repeatedly calls the function
<em class="replaceable"><code>comparator</code></em> with two elements. The
comparator should return <code class="literal">true</code> if the first
element is less than the second, and <code class="literal">false</code>
otherwise. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.sort builtins.lessThan [ 483 249 526 147 42 77 ]
</pre><p>
produces the list <code class="literal">[ 42 77 147 249 483 526
]</code>.</p><p>This is a stable sort: it preserves the relative order of
elements deemed equal by the comparator.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-split"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.split</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>regex</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>str</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Returns a list composed of non matched strings interleaved
with the lists of the <a class="link" href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap09.html#tag_09_04" target="_top">extended
POSIX regular expression</a> <em class="replaceable"><code>regex</code></em> matches
of <em class="replaceable"><code>str</code></em>. Each item in the lists of matched
sequences is a regex group.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.split "(a)b" "abc"
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "" [ "a" ] "c" ]</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.split "([ac])" "abc"
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "" [ "a" ] "b" [ "c" ] "" ]</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.split "(a)|(c)" "abc"
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">[ "" [ "a" null ] "b" [ null "c" ] "" ]</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.split "([[:upper:]]+)" " FOO "
</pre><p>
Evaluates to <code class="literal">[ " " [ "FOO" ] " " ]</code>.
</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-splitVersion"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.splitVersion</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Split a string representing a version into its
components, by the same version splitting logic underlying the
version comparison in <a class="link" href="#ssec-version-comparisons" title="Versions">
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env -u</strong></span></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-stringLength"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.stringLength</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the length of the string
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>. If <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> is
not a string, evaluation is aborted.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-sub"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.sub</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the difference between the numbers
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-substring"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.substring</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>start</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>len</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the substring of
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em> from character position
<em class="replaceable"><code>start</code></em> (zero-based) up to but not
including <em class="replaceable"><code>start + len</code></em>. If
<em class="replaceable"><code>start</code></em> is greater than the length of the
string, an empty string is returned, and if <em class="replaceable"><code>start +
len</code></em> lies beyond the end of the string, only the
substring up to the end of the string is returned.
<em class="replaceable"><code>start</code></em> must be
non-negative. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.substring 0 3 "nixos"
</pre><p>
evaluates to <code class="literal">"nix"</code>.
</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-tail"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.tail</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return the second to last elements of a list;
abort evaluation if the argument isn’t a list or is an empty
list.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-throw"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">throw</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.throw</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Throw an error message
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em>. This usually aborts Nix expression
evaluation, but in <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -qa</strong></span> and other
commands that try to evaluate a set of derivations to get
information about those derivations, a derivation that throws an
error is silently skipped (which is not the case for
<code class="function">abort</code>).</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-toFile"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.toFile</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Store the string <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em> in a
file in the Nix store and return its path. The file has suffix
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>. This file can be used as an
input to derivations. One application is to write builders
“inline”. For instance, the following Nix expression combines
<a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-nix" title="Example 14.1. Nix expression for GNU Hello (default.nix)">Example 14.1, “Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">default.nix</code>)”</a> and <a class="xref" href="#ex-hello-builder" title="Example 14.2. Build script for GNU Hello (builder.sh)">Example 14.2, “Build script for GNU Hello
(<code class="filename">builder.sh</code>)”</a> into one file:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ stdenv, fetchurl, perl }:
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "hello-2.1.1";
builder = builtins.toFile "builder.sh" "
source $stdenv/setup
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
tar xvfz $src
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out
make
make install
";
src = fetchurl {
url = "http://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz";
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
};
inherit perl;
}</pre><p>
</p><p>It is even possible for one file to refer to another, e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builder = let
configFile = builtins.toFile "foo.conf" "
# This is some dummy configuration file.
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
";
in builtins.toFile "builder.sh" "
source $stdenv/setup
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
cp ${configFile} $out/etc/foo.conf
";</pre><p>
Note that <code class="literal">${configFile}</code> is an antiquotation
(see <a class="xref" href="#ssec-values" title="15.1. Values">Section 15.1, “Values”</a>), so the result of the
expression <code class="literal">configFile</code> (i.e., a path like
<code class="filename">/nix/store/m7p7jfny445k...-foo.conf</code>) will be
spliced into the resulting string.</p><p>It is however <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed to have files
mutually referring to each other, like so:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let
foo = builtins.toFile "foo" "...${bar}...";
bar = builtins.toFile "bar" "...${foo}...";
in foo</pre><p>
This is not allowed because it would cause a cyclic dependency in
the computation of the cryptographic hashes for
<code class="varname">foo</code> and <code class="varname">bar</code>.</p><p>It is also not possible to reference the result of a derivation.
If you are using Nixpkgs, the <code class="literal">writeTextFile</code> function is able to
do that.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-toJSON"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.toJSON</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a string containing a JSON representation
of <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>. Strings, integers, floats, booleans,
nulls and lists are mapped to their JSON equivalents. Sets
(except derivations) are represented as objects. Derivations are
translated to a JSON string containing the derivation’s output
path. Paths are copied to the store and represented as a JSON
string of the resulting store path.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-toPath"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.toPath</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>s</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> DEPRECATED. Use <code class="literal">/. + "/path"</code>
to convert a string into an absolute path. For relative paths,
use <code class="literal">./. + "/path"</code>.
</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-toString"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">toString</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.toString</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Convert the expression
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> to a string.
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> can be:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>A string (in which case the string is returned unmodified).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A path (e.g., <code class="literal">toString /foo/bar</code> yields <code class="literal">"/foo/bar"</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A set containing <code class="literal">{ __toString = self: ...; }</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>An integer.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A list, in which case the string representations of its elements are joined with spaces.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A Boolean (<code class="literal">false</code> yields <code class="literal">""</code>, <code class="literal">true</code> yields <code class="literal">"1"</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">null</code>, which yields the empty string.</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><a id="builtin-toXML"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.toXML</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a string containing an XML representation
of <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>. The main application for
<code class="function">toXML</code> is to communicate information with the
builder in a more structured format than plain environment
variables.</p><p><a class="xref" href="#ex-toxml" title="Example 15.8. Passing information to a builder using toXML">Example 15.8, “Passing information to a builder
using <code class="function">toXML</code>”</a> shows an example where this is
the case. The builder is supposed to generate the configuration
file for a <a class="link" href="http://jetty.mortbay.org/" target="_top">Jetty
servlet container</a>. A servlet container contains a number
of servlets (<code class="filename">*.war</code> files) each exported under
a specific URI prefix. So the servlet configuration is a list of
sets containing the <code class="varname">path</code> and
<code class="varname">war</code> of the servlet (<a class="xref" href="#ex-toxml-co-servlets">(3)</a>). This kind of information is
difficult to communicate with the normal method of passing
information through an environment variable, which just
concatenates everything together into a string (which might just
work in this case, but wouldn’t work if fields are optional or
contain lists themselves). Instead the Nix expression is
converted to an XML representation with
<code class="function">toXML</code>, which is unambiguous and can easily be
processed with the appropriate tools. For instance, in the
example an XSLT stylesheet (<a class="xref" href="#ex-toxml-co-stylesheet">(2)</a>) is applied to it (<a class="xref" href="#ex-toxml-co-apply">(1)</a>) to
generate the XML configuration file for the Jetty server. The XML
representation produced from <a class="xref" href="#ex-toxml-co-servlets">(3)</a> by <code class="function">toXML</code> is shown in <a class="xref" href="#ex-toxml-result" title="Example 15.9. XML representation produced by toXML">Example 15.9, “XML representation produced by
<code class="function">toXML</code>”</a>.</p><p>Note that <a class="xref" href="#ex-toxml" title="Example 15.8. Passing information to a builder using toXML">Example 15.8, “Passing information to a builder
using <code class="function">toXML</code>”</a> uses the <code class="function"><a class="function" href="#builtin-toFile">toFile</a></code> built-in to write the
builder and the stylesheet “inline” in the Nix expression. The
path of the stylesheet is spliced into the builder at
<code class="literal">xsltproc ${stylesheet}
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></code>.</p><div class="example"><a id="ex-toxml"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.8. Passing information to a builder
using <code class="function">toXML</code></strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">
{ stdenv, fetchurl, libxslt, jira, uberwiki }:
stdenv.mkDerivation (rec {
name = "web-server";
buildInputs = [ libxslt ];
builder = builtins.toFile "builder.sh" "
source $stdenv/setup
mkdir $out
echo "$servlets" | xsltproc ${stylesheet} - &gt; $out/server-conf.xml <a id="ex-toxml-co-apply"></a>(1)
";
stylesheet = builtins.toFile "stylesheet.xsl" <a id="ex-toxml-co-stylesheet"></a>(2)
"&lt;?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?&gt;
&lt;xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl='http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform' version='1.0'&gt;
&lt;xsl:template match='/'&gt;
&lt;Configure&gt;
&lt;xsl:for-each select='/expr/list/attrs'&gt;
&lt;Call name='addWebApplication'&gt;
&lt;Arg&gt;&lt;xsl:value-of select=\"attr[@name = 'path']/string/@value\" /&gt;&lt;/Arg&gt;
&lt;Arg&gt;&lt;xsl:value-of select=\"attr[@name = 'war']/path/@value\" /&gt;&lt;/Arg&gt;
&lt;/Call&gt;
&lt;/xsl:for-each&gt;
&lt;/Configure&gt;
&lt;/xsl:template&gt;
&lt;/xsl:stylesheet&gt;
";
servlets = builtins.toXML [ <a id="ex-toxml-co-servlets"></a>(3)
{ path = "/bugtracker"; war = jira + "/lib/atlassian-jira.war"; }
{ path = "/wiki"; war = uberwiki + "/uberwiki.war"; }
];
})</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><div class="example"><a id="ex-toxml-result"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 15.9. XML representation produced by
<code class="function">toXML</code></strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="programlisting">&lt;?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?&gt;
&lt;expr&gt;
&lt;list&gt;
&lt;attrs&gt;
&lt;attr name="path"&gt;
&lt;string value="/bugtracker" /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
&lt;attr name="war"&gt;
&lt;path value="/nix/store/d1jh9pasa7k2...-jira/lib/atlassian-jira.war" /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
&lt;/attrs&gt;
&lt;attrs&gt;
&lt;attr name="path"&gt;
&lt;string value="/wiki" /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
&lt;attr name="war"&gt;
&lt;path value="/nix/store/y6423b1yi4sx...-uberwiki/uberwiki.war" /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
&lt;/attrs&gt;
&lt;/list&gt;
&lt;/expr&gt;</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /></dd><dt><a id="builtin-trace"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.trace</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Evaluate <em class="replaceable"><code>e1</code></em> and print its
abstract syntax representation on standard error. Then return
<em class="replaceable"><code>e2</code></em>. This function is useful for
debugging.</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-tryEval"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.tryEval</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Try to shallowly evaluate <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>.
Return a set containing the attributes <code class="literal">success</code>
(<code class="literal">true</code> if <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> evaluated
successfully, <code class="literal">false</code> if an error was thrown) and
<code class="literal">value</code>, equalling <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>
if successful and <code class="literal">false</code> otherwise. Note that this
doesn't evaluate <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> deeply, so
<code class="literal">let e = { x = throw ""; }; in (builtins.tryEval e).success
</code> will be <code class="literal">true</code>. Using <code class="literal">builtins.deepSeq
</code> one can get the expected result: <code class="literal">let e = { x = throw "";
}; in (builtins.tryEval (builtins.deepSeq e e)).success</code> will be
<code class="literal">false</code>.
</p></dd><dt><a id="builtin-typeOf"></a><span class="term"><code class="function">builtins.typeOf</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Return a string representing the type of the value
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>, namely <code class="literal">"int"</code>,
<code class="literal">"bool"</code>, <code class="literal">"string"</code>,
<code class="literal">"path"</code>, <code class="literal">"null"</code>,
<code class="literal">"set"</code>, <code class="literal">"list"</code>,
<code class="literal">"lambda"</code> or
<code class="literal">"float"</code>.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br /><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0" /><div id="ftn.idm139733301368560" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idm139733301368560" class="para"><sup class="para">[5] </sup></a>It's parsed as an expression that selects the
attribute <code class="varname">sh</code> from the variable
<code class="varname">builder</code>.</p></div><div id="ftn.idm139733301331328" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idm139733301331328" class="para"><sup class="para">[6] </sup></a>Actually, Nix detects infinite
recursion in this case and aborts (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">infinite recursion
encountered</span>”</span>).</p></div><div id="ftn.idm139733301168656" class="footnote"><p><a href="#idm139733301168656" class="para"><sup class="para">[7] </sup></a>To figure out
your platform identifier, look at the line <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Checking for the
canonical Nix system name</span>”</span> in the output of Nix's
<code class="filename">configure</code> script.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="part-advanced-topics"></a>Part V. Advanced Topics</h1></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="chap-distributed-builds"></a>Chapter 16. Remote Builds</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix supports remote builds, where a local Nix installation can
forward Nix builds to other machines. This allows multiple builds to
be performed in parallel and allows Nix to perform multi-platform
builds in a semi-transparent way. For instance, if you perform a
build for a <code class="literal">x86_64-darwin</code> on an
<code class="literal">i686-linux</code> machine, Nix can automatically forward
the build to a <code class="literal">x86_64-darwin</code> machine, if
available.</p><p>To forward a build to a remote machine, it’s required that the
remote machine is accessible via SSH and that it has Nix
installed. You can test whether connecting to the remote Nix instance
works, e.g.
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix ping-store --store ssh://mac
</pre><p>
will try to connect to the machine named <code class="literal">mac</code>. It is
possible to specify an SSH identity file as part of the remote store
URI, e.g.
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix ping-store --store ssh://mac?ssh-key=/home/alice/my-key
</pre><p>
Since builds should be non-interactive, the key should not have a
passphrase. Alternatively, you can load identities ahead of time into
<span class="command"><strong>ssh-agent</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>gpg-agent</strong></span>.</p><p>If you get the error
</p><pre class="screen">
bash: nix-store: command not found
error: cannot connect to 'mac'
</pre><p>
then you need to ensure that the <code class="envar">PATH</code> of
non-interactive login shells contains Nix.</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>If you are building via the Nix daemon, it is the Nix
daemon user account (that is, <code class="literal">root</code>) that should
have SSH access to the remote machine. If you can’t or don’t want to
configure <code class="literal">root</code> to be able to access to remote
machine, you can use a private Nix store instead by passing
e.g. <code class="literal">--store ~/my-nix</code>.</p></div><p>The list of remote machines can be specified on the command line
or in the Nix configuration file. The former is convenient for
testing. For example, the following command allows you to build a
derivation for <code class="literal">x86_64-darwin</code> on a Linux machine:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ uname
Linux
$ nix build \
'(with import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; { system = "x86_64-darwin"; }; runCommand "foo" {} "uname &gt; $out")' \
--builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin'
[1/0/1 built, 0.0 MiB DL] building foo on ssh://mac
$ cat ./result
Darwin
</pre><p>
It is possible to specify multiple builders separated by a semicolon
or a newline, e.g.
</p><pre class="screen">
--builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd'
</pre><p>
</p><p>Each machine specification consists of the following elements,
separated by spaces. Only the first element is required.
To leave a field at its default, set it to <code class="literal">-</code>.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>The URI of the remote store in the format
<code class="literal">ssh://[<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em>@]<em class="replaceable"><code>hostname</code></em></code>,
e.g. <code class="literal">ssh://nix@mac</code> or
<code class="literal">ssh://mac</code>. For backward compatibility,
<code class="literal">ssh://</code> may be omitted. The hostname may be an
alias defined in your
<code class="filename">~/.ssh/config</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A comma-separated list of Nix platform type
identifiers, such as <code class="literal">x86_64-darwin</code>. It is
possible for a machine to support multiple platform types, e.g.,
<code class="literal">i686-linux,x86_64-linux</code>. If omitted, this
defaults to the local platform type.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The SSH identity file to be used to log in to the
remote machine. If omitted, SSH will use its regular
identities.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The maximum number of builds that Nix will execute
in parallel on the machine. Typically this should be equal to the
number of CPU cores. For instance, the machine
<code class="literal">itchy</code> in the example will execute up to 8 builds
in parallel.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The “speed factor”, indicating the relative speed of
the machine. If there are multiple machines of the right type, Nix
will prefer the fastest, taking load into account.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A comma-separated list of <span class="emphasis"><em>supported
features</em></span>. If a derivation has the
<code class="varname">requiredSystemFeatures</code> attribute, then Nix will
only perform the derivation on a machine that has the specified
features. For instance, the attribute
</p><pre class="programlisting">
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "kvm" ];
</pre><p>
will cause the build to be performed on a machine that has the
<code class="literal">kvm</code> feature.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A comma-separated list of <span class="emphasis"><em>mandatory
features</em></span>. A machine will only be used to build a
derivation if all of the machine’s mandatory features appear in the
derivation’s <code class="varname">requiredSystemFeatures</code>
attribute..</p></li></ol></div><p>
For example, the machine specification
</p><pre class="programlisting">
nix@scratchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 8 1 kvm
nix@itchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 8 2
nix@poochie.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 1 2 kvm benchmark
</pre><p>
specifies several machines that can perform
<code class="literal">i686-linux</code> builds. However,
<code class="literal">poochie</code> will only do builds that have the attribute
</p><pre class="programlisting">
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" ];
</pre><p>
or
</p><pre class="programlisting">
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" "kvm" ];
</pre><p>
<code class="literal">itchy</code> cannot do builds that require
<code class="literal">kvm</code>, but <code class="literal">scratchy</code> does support
such builds. For regular builds, <code class="literal">itchy</code> will be
preferred over <code class="literal">scratchy</code> because it has a higher
speed factor.</p><p>Remote builders can also be configured in
<code class="filename">nix.conf</code>, e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builders = ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd
</pre><p>
Finally, remote builders can be configured in a separate configuration
file included in <code class="option">builders</code> via the syntax
<code class="literal">@<em class="replaceable"><code>file</code></em></code>. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builders = @/etc/nix/machines
</pre><p>
causes the list of machines in <code class="filename">/etc/nix/machines</code>
to be included. (This is the default.)</p><p>If you want the builders to use caches, you likely want to set
the option <a class="link" href="#conf-builders-use-substitutes"><code class="literal">builders-use-substitutes</code></a>
in your local <code class="filename">nix.conf</code>.</p><p>To build only on remote builders and disable building on the local machine,
you can use the option <code class="option">--max-jobs 0</code>.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="chap-tuning-cores-and-jobs"></a>Chapter 17. Tuning Cores and Jobs</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix has two relevant settings with regards to how your CPU cores
will be utilized: <a class="xref" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a> and
<a class="xref" href="#conf-max-jobs"><code class="literal">max-jobs</code></a>. This chapter will talk about what
they are, how they interact, and their configuration trade-offs.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><a class="xref" href="#conf-max-jobs"><code class="literal">max-jobs</code></a></span></dt><dd><p>
Dictates how many separate derivations will be built at the same
time. If you set this to zero, the local machine will do no
builds. Nix will still substitute from binary caches, and build
remotely if remote builders are configured.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="xref" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a></span></dt><dd><p>
Suggests how many cores each derivation should use. Similar to
<span class="command"><strong>make -j</strong></span>.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>The <a class="xref" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a> setting determines the value of
<code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code>. <code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code> is equal
to <a class="xref" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a>, unless <a class="xref" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a>
equals <code class="literal">0</code>, in which case <code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code>
will be the total number of cores in the system.</p><p>The maximum number of consumed cores is a simple multiplication,
<a class="xref" href="#conf-max-jobs"><code class="literal">max-jobs</code></a> * <code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code>.</p><p>The balance on how to set these two independent variables depends
upon each builder's workload and hardware. Here are a few example
scenarios on a machine with 24 cores:</p><div class="table"><a id="idm139733300537552"></a><p class="title"><strong>Table 17.1. Balancing 24 Build Cores</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table><thead><tr>
<th><a class="xref" href="#conf-max-jobs"><code class="literal">max-jobs</code></a></th>
<th><a class="xref" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a></th>
<th><code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code></th>
<th>Maximum Processes</th>
<th>Result</th>
</tr></thead><tbody><tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>
One derivation will be built at a time, each one can use 24
cores. Undersold if a job can’t use 24 cores.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>
Four derivations will be built at once, each given access to
six cores.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>72</td>
<td>
12 derivations will be built at once, each given access to six
cores. This configuration is over-sold. If all 12 derivations
being built simultaneously try to use all six cores, the
machine's performance will be degraded due to extensive context
switching between the 12 builds.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>24</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>
24 derivations can build at the same time, each using a single
core. Never oversold, but derivations which require many cores
will be very slow to compile.
</td>
</tr><tr>
<td>24</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>576</td>
<td>
24 derivations can build at the same time, each using all the
available cores of the machine. Very likely to be oversold,
and very likely to suffer context switches.
</td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>It is up to the derivations' build script to respect
host's requested cores-per-build by following the value of the
<code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code> environment variable.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="chap-diff-hook"></a>Chapter 18. Verifying Build Reproducibility with <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#conf-diff-hook">diff-hook</a></code></h2></div><div><h3 class="subtitle"><em>Check build reproducibility by running builds multiple times
and comparing their results.</em></h3></div></div></div><p>Specify a program with Nix's <a class="xref" href="#conf-diff-hook"><code class="literal">diff-hook</code></a> to
compare build results when two builds produce different results. Note:
this hook is only executed if the results are not the same, this hook
is not used for determining if the results are the same.</p><p>For purposes of demonstration, we'll use the following Nix file,
<code class="filename">deterministic.nix</code> for testing:</p><pre class="programlisting">
let
inherit (import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {}) runCommand;
in {
stable = runCommand "stable" {} ''
touch $out
'';
unstable = runCommand "unstable" {} ''
echo $RANDOM &gt; $out
'';
}
</pre><p>Additionally, <code class="filename">nix.conf</code> contains:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
diff-hook = /etc/nix/my-diff-hook
run-diff-hook = true
</pre><p>
where <code class="filename">/etc/nix/my-diff-hook</code> is an executable
file containing:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#!/bin/sh
exec &gt;&amp;2
echo "For derivation $3:"
/run/current-system/sw/bin/diff -r "$1" "$2"
</pre><p>
</p><p>The diff hook is executed by the same user and group who ran the
build. However, the diff hook does not have write access to the store
path just built.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300510624"></a>18.1. 
Spot-Checking Build Determinism
</h2></div></div></div><p>
Verify a path which already exists in the Nix store by passing
<code class="option">--check</code> to the build command.
</p><p>If the build passes and is deterministic, Nix will exit with a
status code of 0:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A stable
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv
building '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A stable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable
</pre><p>If the build is not deterministic, Nix will exit with a status
code of 1:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv
building '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs
</pre><p>In the Nix daemon's log, we will now see:
</p><pre class="screen">
For derivation /nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv:
1c1
&lt; 8108
---
&gt; 30204
</pre><p>
</p><p>Using <code class="option">--check</code> with <code class="option">--keep-failed</code>
will cause Nix to keep the second build's output in a special,
<code class="literal">.check</code> path:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable --check --keep-failed
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
note: keeping build directory '/tmp/nix-build-unstable.drv-0'
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs from '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check'
</pre><p>In particular, notice the
<code class="literal">/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check</code>
output. Nix has copied the build results to that directory where you
can examine it.</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title"><a id="check-dirs-are-unregistered"></a><code class="literal">.check</code> paths are not registered store paths</h3><p>Check paths are not protected against garbage collection,
and this path will be deleted on the next garbage collection.</p><p>The path is guaranteed to be alive for the duration of
<a class="xref" href="#conf-diff-hook"><code class="literal">diff-hook</code></a>'s execution, but may be deleted
any time after.</p><p>If the comparison is performed as part of automated tooling,
please use the diff-hook or author your tooling to handle the case
where the build was not deterministic and also a check path does
not exist.</p></div><p>
<code class="option">--check</code> is only usable if the derivation has
been built on the system already. If the derivation has not been
built Nix will fail with the error:
</p><pre class="screen">
error: some outputs of '/nix/store/hzi1h60z2qf0nb85iwnpvrai3j2w7rr6-unstable.drv' are not valid, so checking is not possible
</pre><p>
Run the build without <code class="option">--check</code>, and then try with
<code class="option">--check</code> again.
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300495744"></a>18.2. 
Automatic and Optionally Enforced Determinism Verification
</h2></div></div></div><p>
Automatically verify every build at build time by executing the
build multiple times.
</p><p>
Setting <a class="xref" href="#conf-repeat"><code class="literal">repeat</code></a> and
<a class="xref" href="#conf-enforce-determinism"><code class="literal">enforce-determinism</code></a> in your
<code class="filename">nix.conf</code> permits the automated verification
of every build Nix performs.
</p><p>
The following configuration will run each build three times, and
will require the build to be deterministic:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
enforce-determinism = true
repeat = 2
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Setting <a class="xref" href="#conf-enforce-determinism"><code class="literal">enforce-determinism</code></a> to false as in
the following configuration will run the build multiple times,
execute the build hook, but will allow the build to succeed even
if it does not build reproducibly:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
enforce-determinism = false
repeat = 1
</pre><p>
</p><p>
An example output of this configuration:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build ./test.nix -A unstable
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv
building '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' (round 1/2)...
building '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' (round 2/2)...
output '/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable' of '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' differs from '/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable.check' from previous round
/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="chap-post-build-hook"></a>Chapter 19. Using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#conf-post-build-hook">post-build-hook</a></code></h2></div><div><h3 class="subtitle"><em>Uploading to an S3-compatible binary cache after each build</em></h3></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="chap-post-build-hook-caveats"></a>19.1. Implementation Caveats</h2></div></div></div><p>Here we use the post-build hook to upload to a binary cache.
This is a simple and working example, but it is not suitable for all
use cases.</p><p>The post build hook program runs after each executed build,
and blocks the build loop. The build loop exits if the hook program
fails.</p><p>Concretely, this implementation will make Nix slow or unusable
when the internet is slow or unreliable.</p><p>A more advanced implementation might pass the store paths to a
user-supplied daemon or queue for processing the store paths outside
of the build loop.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300481840"></a>19.2. Prerequisites</h2></div></div></div><p>
This tutorial assumes you have configured an S3-compatible binary cache
according to the instructions at
<a class="xref" href="#ssec-s3-substituter-authenticated-writes" title="13.4.3. Authenticated Writes to your S3-compatible binary cache">Section 13.4.3, “Authenticated Writes to your S3-compatible binary cache”</a>, and
that the <code class="literal">root</code> user's default AWS profile can
upload to the bucket.
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300479440"></a>19.3. Set up a Signing Key</h2></div></div></div><p>Use <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key</strong></span> to
create our public and private signing keys. We will sign paths
with the private key, and distribute the public key for verifying
the authenticity of the paths.</p><pre class="screen">
# nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key example-nix-cache-1 /etc/nix/key.private /etc/nix/key.public
# cat /etc/nix/key.public
example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=
</pre><p>Then, add the public key and the cache URL to your
<code class="filename">nix.conf</code>'s <a class="xref" href="#conf-trusted-public-keys"><code class="literal">trusted-public-keys</code></a>
and <a class="xref" href="#conf-substituters"><code class="literal">substituters</code></a> like:</p><pre class="programlisting">
substituters = https://cache.nixos.org/ s3://example-nix-cache
trusted-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY= example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=
</pre><p>We will restart the Nix daemon in a later step.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300473952"></a>19.4. Implementing the build hook</h2></div></div></div><p>Write the following script to
<code class="filename">/etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#!/bin/sh
set -eu
set -f # disable globbing
export IFS=' '
echo "Signing paths" $OUT_PATHS
nix sign-paths --key-file /etc/nix/key.private $OUT_PATHS
echo "Uploading paths" $OUT_PATHS
exec nix copy --to 's3://example-nix-cache' $OUT_PATHS
</pre><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Should <code class="literal">$OUT_PATHS</code> be quoted?</h3><p>
The <code class="literal">$OUT_PATHS</code> variable is a space-separated
list of Nix store paths. In this case, we expect and want the
shell to perform word splitting to make each output path its
own argument to <span class="command"><strong>nix sign-paths</strong></span>. Nix guarantees
the paths will not contain any spaces, however a store path
might contain glob characters. The <span class="command"><strong>set -f</strong></span>
disables globbing in the shell.
</p></div><p>
Then make sure the hook program is executable by the <code class="literal">root</code> user:
</p><pre class="screen">
# chmod +x /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh
</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300467040"></a>19.5. Updating Nix Configuration</h2></div></div></div><p>Edit <code class="filename">/etc/nix/nix.conf</code> to run our hook,
by adding the following configuration snippet at the end:</p><pre class="programlisting">
post-build-hook = /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh
</pre><p>Then, restart the <span class="command"><strong>nix-daemon</strong></span>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300464016"></a>19.6. Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>Build any derivation, for example:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build -E '(import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {}).writeText "example" (builtins.toString builtins.currentTime)'
this derivation will be built:
/nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv
building '/nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv'...
running post-build-hook '/home/grahamc/projects/github.com/NixOS/nix/post-hook.sh'...
post-build-hook: Signing paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
post-build-hook: Uploading paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
/nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
</pre><p>Then delete the path from the store, and try substituting it from the binary cache:</p><pre class="screen">
$ rm ./result
$ nix-store --delete /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
</pre><p>Now, copy the path back from the cache:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --realise /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
copying path '/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example from 's3://example-nix-cache'...
warning: you did not specify '--add-root'; the result might be removed by the garbage collector
/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example
</pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="idm139733300459088"></a>19.7. Conclusion</h2></div></div></div><p>
We now have a Nix installation configured to automatically sign and
upload every local build to a remote binary cache.
</p><p>
Before deploying this to production, be sure to consider the
implementation caveats in <a class="xref" href="#chap-post-build-hook-caveats" title="19.1. Implementation Caveats">Section 19.1, “Implementation Caveats”</a>.
</p></div></div></div><div class="part"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="part-command-ref"></a>Part VI. Command Reference</h1></div></div></div><div class="partintro"><div></div><p>This section lists commands and options that you can use when you
work with Nix.</p></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="sec-common-options"></a>Chapter 20. Common Options</h2></div></div></div><p>Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:</p><div class="variablelist"><a id="opt-common"></a><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--help</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints out a summary of the command syntax and
exits.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--version</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints out the Nix version number on standard output
and exits.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--verbose</code> / <code class="option">-v</code></span></dt><dd><p>Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages
printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information
printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic
information is printed on standard error, never on standard
output.</p><p>This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the
following verbosity levels exist:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">0</span></dt><dd><p>“Errors only”: only print messages
explaining why the Nix invocation failed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">1</span></dt><dd><p>“Informational”: print
<span class="emphasis"><em>useful</em></span> messages about what Nix is doing.
This is the default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">2</span></dt><dd><p>“Talkative”: print more informational
messages.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">3</span></dt><dd><p>“Chatty”: print even more
informational messages.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">4</span></dt><dd><p>“Debug”: print debug
information.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">5</span></dt><dd><p>“Vomit”: print vast amounts of debug
information.</p></dd></dl></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--quiet</code></span></dt><dd><p>Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages
printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to
<code class="option">-v</code> / <code class="option">--verbose</code>.
</p><p>This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous
verbosity levels list.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-log-format"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--log-format</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>This option can be used to change the output of the log format, with
<em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em> being one of:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">raw</span></dt><dd><p>This is the raw format, as outputted by nix-build.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">internal-json</span></dt><dd><p>Outputs the logs in a structured manner. NOTE: the json schema is not guarantees to be stable between releases.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">bar</span></dt><dd><p>Only display a progress bar during the builds.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">bar-with-logs</span></dt><dd><p>Display the raw logs, with the progress bar at the bottom.</p></dd></dl></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-build-output</code> / <code class="option">-Q</code></span></dt><dd><p>By default, output written by builders to standard
output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard
error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the
builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file
in
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/nix/var/log/nix</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-max-jobs"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--max-jobs</code> / <code class="option">-j</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will
perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify
<code class="literal">auto</code> to use the number of CPUs in the system.
The default is specified by the <a class="link" href="#conf-max-jobs"><code class="literal">max-jobs</code></a>
configuration setting, which itself defaults to
<code class="literal">1</code>. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to
exploit I/O latency.</p><p> Setting it to <code class="literal">0</code> disallows building on the local
machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote
builders.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-cores"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--cores</code></span></dt><dd><p>Sets the value of the <code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code>
environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can
use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount
of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation
attribute <code class="varname">enableParallelBuilding</code> is set to
<code class="literal">true</code>, the builder passes the
<code class="option">-j<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code> flag to GNU Make.
It defaults to the value of the <a class="link" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a>
configuration setting, if set, or <code class="literal">1</code> otherwise.
The value <code class="literal">0</code> means that the builder should use all
available CPU cores in the system.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-max-silent-time"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--max-silent-time</code></span></dt><dd><p>Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder
can go without producing any data on standard output or standard
error. The default is specified by the <a class="link" href="#conf-max-silent-time"><code class="literal">max-silent-time</code></a>
configuration setting. <code class="literal">0</code> means no
time-out.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-timeout"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--timeout</code></span></dt><dd><p>Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder
can run. The default is specified by the <a class="link" href="#conf-timeout"><code class="literal">timeout</code></a>
configuration setting. <code class="literal">0</code> means no
timeout.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--keep-going</code> / <code class="option">-k</code></span></dt><dd><p>Keep going in case of failed builds, to the
greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some
derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the
derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build
fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in
progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--keep-failed</code> / <code class="option">-K</code></span></dt><dd><p>Specifies that in case of a build failure, the
temporary directory (usually in <code class="filename">/tmp</code>) in which
the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build
directory is printed as an informational message.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--fallback</code></span></dt><dd><p>Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which
substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output
paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the
derivation.</p><p>The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we
have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution
from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the
realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is
specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus,
installation from binaries falls back on installation from source.
This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable
for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a
full build from source (with the related consumption of
resources).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-build-hook</code></span></dt><dd><p>Disables the build hook mechanism. This allows to ignore remote
builders if they are setup on the machine.</p><p>It's useful in cases where the bandwidth between the client and the
remote builder is too low. In that case it can take more time to upload the
sources to the remote builder and fetch back the result than to do the
computation locally.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--readonly-mode</code></span></dt><dd><p>When this option is used, no attempt is made to open
the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so
those operations will fail.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--arg</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>This option is accepted by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>.
When evaluating Nix expressions, the expression evaluator will
automatically try to call functions that
it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every
argument has a <a class="link" href="#ss-functions" title="Functions">default value</a>
(e.g., <code class="literal">{ <em class="replaceable"><code>argName</code></em> ?
<em class="replaceable"><code>defaultValue</code></em> }:
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></code>). With
<code class="option">--arg</code>, you can also call functions that have
arguments without a default value (or override a default value).
That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument
named <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>, it will call it with value
<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>.</p><p>For instance, the top-level <code class="literal">default.nix</code> in
Nixpkgs is actually a function:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
system ? builtins.currentSystem
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
}: <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do
<code class="literal">nix-env -i <em class="replaceable"><code>pkgname</code></em></code>),
the function will be called automatically using the value <a class="link" href="#builtin-currentSystem"><code class="literal">builtins.currentSystem</code></a>
for the <code class="literal">system</code> argument. You can override this
using <code class="option">--arg</code>, e.g., <code class="literal">nix-env -i
<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgname</code></em> --arg system
\"i686-freebsd\"</code>. (Note that since the argument is a Nix
string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--argstr</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>This option is like <code class="option">--arg</code>, only the
value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of
<code class="literal">--arg system \"i686-linux\"</code> (the outer quotes are
to keep the shell happy) you can say <code class="literal">--argstr system
i686-linux</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-attr"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--attr</code> / <code class="option">-A</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrPath</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Select an attribute from the top-level Nix
expression being evaluated. (<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> only.) The <span class="emphasis"><em>attribute
path</em></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>attrPath</code></em> is a sequence of
attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level
Nix expression <em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>, the attribute path
<code class="literal">xorg.xorgserver</code> would cause the expression
<code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>.xorg.xorgserver</code> to
be used. See <a class="link" href="#refsec-nix-env-install-examples" title="Examples"><span class="command"><strong>nix-env
--install</strong></span></a> for some concrete examples.</p><p>In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array
indices. For instance, the attribute path
<code class="literal">foo.3.bar</code> selects the <code class="literal">bar</code>
attribute of the fourth element of the array in the
<code class="literal">foo</code> attribute of the top-level
expression.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--expr</code> / <code class="option">-E</code></span></dt><dd><p>Interpret the command line arguments as a list of
Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list
of file names of Nix expressions.
(<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>
and <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> only.)</p><p>For <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span>, this option is commonly used
to give you a shell in which you can build the packages returned
by the expression. If you want to get a shell which contain the
<span class="emphasis"><em>built</em></span> packages ready for use, give your
expression to the <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell -p</strong></span> convenience flag
instead.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-I"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">-I</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Add a path to the Nix expression search path. This
option may be given multiple times. See the <code class="envar"><a class="envar" href="#env-NIX_PATH">NIX_PATH</a></code> environment variable for
information on the semantics of the Nix search path. Paths added
through <code class="option">-I</code> take precedence over
<code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--option</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Set the Nix configuration option
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> to <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>.
This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">nix.conf</span>(5)</span>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--repair</code></span></dt><dd><p>Fix corrupted or missing store paths by
redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it
requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every
path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --repair-path</strong></span>.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="sec-common-env"></a>Chapter 21. Common Environment Variables</h2></div></div></div><p>Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:</p><div class="variablelist"><a id="env-common"></a><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">IN_NIX_SHELL</code></span></dt><dd><p>Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span>. Since Nix 2.0 the values are
<code class="literal">"pure"</code> and <code class="literal">"impure"</code></p></dd><dt><a id="env-NIX_PATH"></a><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code></span></dt><dd><p>A colon-separated list of directories used to look up Nix
expressions enclosed in angle brackets (i.e.,
<code class="literal">&lt;<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>&gt;</code>). For
instance, the value
</p><pre class="screen">
/home/eelco/Dev:/etc/nixos</pre><p>
will cause Nix to look for paths relative to
<code class="filename">/home/eelco/Dev</code> and
<code class="filename">/etc/nixos</code>, in this order. It is also
possible to match paths against a prefix. For example, the value
</p><pre class="screen">
nixpkgs=/home/eelco/Dev/nixpkgs-branch:/etc/nixos</pre><p>
will cause Nix to search for
<code class="literal">&lt;nixpkgs/<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>&gt;</code> in
<code class="filename">/home/eelco/Dev/nixpkgs-branch/<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code>
and
<code class="filename">/etc/nixos/nixpkgs/<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code>.</p><p>If a path in the Nix search path starts with
<code class="literal">http://</code> or <code class="literal">https://</code>, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and
unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must consist of a
single top-level directory. For example, setting
<code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code> to
</p><pre class="screen">
nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-15.09.tar.gz</pre><p>
tells Nix to download the latest revision in the Nixpkgs/NixOS
15.09 channel.</p><p>A following shorthand can be used to refer to the official channels:
</p><pre class="screen">nixpkgs=channel:nixos-15.09</pre><p>
</p><p>The search path can be extended using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#opt-I">-I</a></code> option, which takes precedence over
<code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE</code></span></dt><dd><p>Normally, the Nix store directory (typically
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code>) is not allowed to contain any
symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders
sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components.
Thus, builds on different machines (with
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code> resolving to different locations)
could yield different results. This is generally not a problem,
except when builds are deployed to machines where
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code> resolves differently. If you are
sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set
<code class="envar">NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE</code> to <code class="envar">1</code>.</p><p>Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can
put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux
you’re better off using <code class="literal">bind</code> mount points, e.g.,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix</pre><p>
Consult the <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">mount</span>(8)</span> manual page for details.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_STORE_DIR</code></span></dt><dd><p>Overrides the location of the Nix store (default
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/store</code>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_DATA_DIR</code></span></dt><dd><p>Overrides the location of the Nix static data
directory (default
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/share</code>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_LOG_DIR</code></span></dt><dd><p>Overrides the location of the Nix log directory
(default <code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/var/log/nix</code>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_STATE_DIR</code></span></dt><dd><p>Overrides the location of the Nix state directory
(default <code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/var/nix</code>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_CONF_DIR</code></span></dt><dd><p>Overrides the location of the system Nix configuration
directory (default
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/etc/nix</code>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_USER_CONF_FILES</code></span></dt><dd><p>Overrides the location of the user Nix configuration files
to load from (defaults to the XDG spec locations). The variable is treated
as a list separated by the <code class="literal">:</code> token.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">TMPDIR</code></span></dt><dd><p>Use the specified directory to store temporary
files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories;
these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is
<code class="filename">/tmp</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="envar-remote"></a><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_REMOTE</code></span></dt><dd><p>This variable should be set to
<code class="literal">daemon</code> if you want to use the Nix daemon to
execute Nix operations. This is necessary in <a class="link" href="#ssec-multi-user" title="6.2. Multi-User Mode">multi-user Nix installations</a>.
If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path,
this variable should be set to <code class="literal">unix://path/to/socket</code>.
Otherwise, it should be left unset.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_SHOW_STATS</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">1</code>, Nix will print some
evaluation statistics, such as the number of values
allocated.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_COUNT_CALLS</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">1</code>, Nix will print how
often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This
is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE</code></span></dt><dd><p>If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage
collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes.
It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory
consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of
garbage collection.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-main-commands"></a>Chapter 22. Main Commands</h2></div></div></div><p>This section lists commands and options that you can use when you
work with Nix.</p><div class="refentry"><a id="sec-nix-env"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-env — manipulate or query Nix user environments</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> [<code class="option">--help</code>] [<code class="option">--version</code>] [
{ <code class="option">--verbose</code> | <code class="option">-v</code> }
...] [
<code class="option">--quiet</code>
] [
<code class="option">--log-format</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--no-build-output</code> | <code class="option">-Q</code>
] [
{ <code class="option">--max-jobs</code> | <code class="option">-j</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--cores</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--max-silent-time</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--timeout</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--keep-going</code> | <code class="option">-k</code>
] [
<code class="option">--keep-failed</code> | <code class="option">-K</code>
] [<code class="option">--fallback</code>] [<code class="option">--readonly-mode</code>] [
<code class="option">-I</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--option</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>
]<br /> [<code class="option">--arg</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>] [<code class="option">--argstr</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>] [
{ <code class="option">--file</code> | <code class="option">-f</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>
] [
{ <code class="option">--profile</code> | <code class="option">-p</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--system-filter</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>system</code></em>
] [<code class="option">--dry-run</code>] <em class="replaceable"><code>operation</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em>...] [<em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em>...]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300260096"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> is used to manipulate Nix
user environments. User environments are sets of software packages
available to a user at some point in time. In other words, they are a
synthesised view of the programs available in the Nix store. There
may be many user environments: different users can have different
environments, and individual users can switch between different
environments.</p><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> takes exactly one
<span class="emphasis"><em>operation</em></span> flag which indicates the subcommand to
be performed. These are documented below.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300256528"></a><h2>Selectors</h2><p>Several commands, such as <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -q</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env -i</strong></span>, take a list of arguments that specify
the packages on which to operate. These are extended regular
expressions that must match the entire name of the package. (For
details on regular expressions, see
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">regex</span>(7)</span>.)
The match is case-sensitive. The regular expression can optionally be
followed by a dash and a version number; if omitted, any version of
the package will match. Here are some examples:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">firefox</code></span></dt><dd><p>Matches the package name
<code class="literal">firefox</code> and any version.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">firefox-32.0</code></span></dt><dd><p>Matches the package name
<code class="literal">firefox</code> and version
<code class="literal">32.0</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">gtk\\+</code></span></dt><dd><p>Matches the package name
<code class="literal">gtk+</code>. The <code class="literal">+</code> character must
be escaped using a backslash to prevent it from being interpreted
as a quantifier, and the backslash must be escaped in turn with
another backslash to ensure that the shell passes it
on.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">.\*</code></span></dt><dd><p>Matches any package name. This is the default for
most commands.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">'.*zip.*'</code></span></dt><dd><p>Matches any package name containing the string
<code class="literal">zip</code>. Note the dots: <code class="literal">'*zip*'</code>
does not work, because in a regular expression, the character
<code class="literal">*</code> is interpreted as a
quantifier.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">'.*(firefox|chromium).*'</code></span></dt><dd><p>Matches any package name containing the strings
<code class="literal">firefox</code> or
<code class="literal">chromium</code>.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300238960"></a><h2>Common options</h2><p>This section lists the options that are common to all
operations. These options are allowed for every subcommand, though
they may not always have an effect. <span class="phrase">See
also <a class="xref" href="#sec-common-options" title="Chapter 20. Common Options">Chapter 20, <em>Common Options</em></a>.</span></p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--file</code> / <code class="option">-f</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Specifies the Nix expression (designated below as
the <span class="emphasis"><em>active Nix expression</em></span>) used by the
<code class="option">--install</code>, <code class="option">--upgrade</code>, and
<code class="option">--query --available</code> operations to obtain
derivations. The default is
<code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code>.</p><p>If the argument starts with <code class="literal">http://</code> or
<code class="literal">https://</code>, it is interpreted as the URL of a
tarball that will be downloaded and unpacked to a temporary
location. The tarball must include a single top-level directory
containing at least a file named <code class="filename">default.nix</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--profile</code> / <code class="option">-p</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Specifies the profile to be used by those
operations that operate on a profile (designated below as the
<span class="emphasis"><em>active profile</em></span>). A profile is a sequence of
user environments called <span class="emphasis"><em>generations</em></span>, one of
which is the <span class="emphasis"><em>current
generation</em></span>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--dry-run</code></span></dt><dd><p>For the <code class="option">--install</code>,
<code class="option">--upgrade</code>, <code class="option">--uninstall</code>,
<code class="option">--switch-generation</code>,
<code class="option">--delete-generations</code> and
<code class="option">--rollback</code> operations, this flag will cause
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> to print what
<span class="emphasis"><em>would</em></span> be done if this flag had not been
specified, without actually doing it.</p><p><code class="option">--dry-run</code> also prints out which paths will
be <a class="link" href="#gloss-substitute" title="substitute">substituted</a> (i.e.,
downloaded) and which paths will be built from source (because no
substitute is available).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--system-filter</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>system</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>By default, operations such as <code class="option">--query
--available</code> show derivations matching any platform. This
option allows you to use derivations for the specified platform
<em class="replaceable"><code>system</code></em>.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300216432"></a><h2>Files</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code></span></dt><dd><p>The source for the default Nix
expressions used by the <code class="option">--install</code>,
<code class="option">--upgrade</code>, and <code class="option">--query
--available</code> operations to obtain derivations. The
<code class="option">--file</code> option may be used to override this
default.</p><p>If <code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code> is a file,
it is loaded as a Nix expression. If the expression
is a set, it is used as the default Nix expression.
If the expression is a function, an empty set is passed
as argument and the return value is used as
the default Nix expression.</p><p>If <code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code> is a directory
containing a <code class="filename">default.nix</code> file, that file
is loaded as in the above paragraph.</p><p>If <code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code> is a directory without
a <code class="filename">default.nix</code> file, then its contents
(both files and subdirectories) are loaded as Nix expressions.
The expressions are combined into a single set, each expression
under an attribute with the same name as the original file
or subdirectory.
</p><p>For example, if <code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code> contains
two files, <code class="filename">foo.nix</code> and <code class="filename">bar.nix</code>,
then the default Nix expression will essentially be
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{
foo = import ~/.nix-defexpr/foo.nix;
bar = import ~/.nix-defexpr/bar.nix;
}</pre><p>
</p><p>The file <code class="filename">manifest.nix</code> is always ignored.
Subdirectories without a <code class="filename">default.nix</code> file
are traversed recursively in search of more Nix expressions,
but the names of these intermediate directories are not
added to the attribute paths of the default Nix expression.</p><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-channel</strong></span> places symlinks
to the downloaded Nix expressions from each subscribed channel in
this directory.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">~/.nix-profile</code></span></dt><dd><p>A symbolic link to the user's current profile. By
default, this symlink points to
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>/var/nix/profiles/default</code>.
The <code class="envar">PATH</code> environment variable should include
<code class="filename">~/.nix-profile/bin</code> for the user environment
to be visible to the user.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-env-install"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--install</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300198432"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> { <code class="option">--install</code> | <code class="option">-i</code> } [
{ <code class="option">--prebuilt-only</code> | <code class="option">-b</code> }
] [
{ <code class="option">--attr</code> | <code class="option">-A</code> }
] [<code class="option">--from-expression</code>] [<code class="option">-E</code>] [<code class="option">--from-profile</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>] [ <code class="option">--preserve-installed</code> | <code class="option">-P</code> ] [ <code class="option">--remove-all</code> | <code class="option">-r</code> ] <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300182432"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The install operation creates a new user environment, based on
the current generation of the active profile, to which a set of store
paths described by <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> is added. The
arguments <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> map to store paths in a
number of possible ways:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>By default, <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> is a set
of derivation names denoting derivations in the active Nix
expression. These are realised, and the resulting output paths are
installed. Currently installed derivations with a name equal to the
name of a derivation being added are removed unless the option
<code class="option">--preserve-installed</code> is
specified.</p><p>If there are multiple derivations matching a name in
<em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> that have the same name (e.g.,
<code class="literal">gcc-3.3.6</code> and <code class="literal">gcc-4.1.1</code>), then
the derivation with the highest <span class="emphasis"><em>priority</em></span> is
used. A derivation can define a priority by declaring the
<code class="varname">meta.priority</code> attribute. This attribute should
be a number, with a higher value denoting a lower priority. The
default priority is <code class="literal">0</code>.</p><p>If there are multiple matching derivations with the same
priority, then the derivation with the highest version will be
installed.</p><p>You can force the installation of multiple derivations with
the same name by being specific about the versions. For instance,
<code class="literal">nix-env -i gcc-3.3.6 gcc-4.1.1</code> will install both
version of GCC (and will probably cause a user environment
conflict!).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If <a class="link" href="#opt-attr"><code class="option">--attr</code></a>
(<code class="option">-A</code>) is specified, the arguments are
<span class="emphasis"><em>attribute paths</em></span> that select attributes from the
top-level Nix expression. This is faster than using derivation
names and unambiguous. To find out the attribute paths of available
packages, use <code class="literal">nix-env -qaP</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If <code class="option">--from-profile</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> is given,
<em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> is a set of names denoting installed
store paths in the profile <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>. This is
an easy way to copy user environment elements from one profile to
another.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If <code class="option">--from-expression</code> is given,
<em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> are Nix <a class="link" href="#ss-functions" title="Functions">functions</a> that are called with the
active Nix expression as their single argument. The derivations
returned by those function calls are installed. This allows
derivations to be specified in an unambiguous way, which is necessary
if there are multiple derivations with the same
name.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> are store
derivations, then these are <a class="link" href="#rsec-nix-store-realise" title="Operation --realise">realised</a>, and the resulting
output paths are installed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> are store paths
that are not store derivations, then these are <a class="link" href="#rsec-nix-store-realise" title="Operation --realise">realised</a> and
installed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>By default all outputs are installed for each derivation.
That can be reduced by setting <code class="literal">meta.outputsToInstall</code>.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300160752"></a><h3>Flags</h3><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--prebuilt-only</code> / <code class="option">-b</code></span></dt><dd><p>Use only derivations for which a substitute is
registered, i.e., there is a pre-built binary available that can
be downloaded in lieu of building the derivation. Thus, no
packages will be built from source.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--preserve-installed</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-P</code></span></dt><dd><p>Do not remove derivations with a name matching one
of the derivations being installed. Usually, trying to have two
versions of the same package installed in the same generation of a
profile will lead to an error in building the generation, due to
file name clashes between the two versions. However, this is not
the case for all packages.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--remove-all</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-r</code></span></dt><dd><p>Remove all previously installed packages first.
This is equivalent to running <code class="literal">nix-env -e '.*'</code>
first, except that everything happens in a single
transaction.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="refsec-nix-env-install-examples"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>To install a specific version of <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span> from the
active Nix expression:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --install gcc-3.3.2
installing `gcc-3.3.2'
uninstalling `gcc-3.1'</pre><p>
Note the previously installed version is removed, since
<code class="option">--preserve-installed</code> was not specified.</p><p>To install an arbitrary version:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --install gcc
installing `gcc-3.3.2'</pre><p>
</p><p>To install using a specific attribute:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i -A gcc40mips
$ nix-env -i -A xorg.xorgserver</pre><p>
</p><p>To install all derivations in the Nix expression <code class="filename">foo.nix</code>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f ~/foo.nix -i '.*'</pre><p>
</p><p>To copy the store path with symbolic name <code class="literal">gcc</code>
from another profile:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i --from-profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/foo gcc</pre><p>
</p><p>To install a specific store derivation (typically created by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>):
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/fibjb1bfbpm5mrsxc4mh2d8n37sxh91i-gcc-3.4.3.drv</pre><p>
</p><p>To install a specific output path:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/y3cgx0xj1p4iv9x0pnnmdhr8iyg741vk-gcc-3.4.3</pre><p>
</p><p>To install from a Nix expression specified on the command-line:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f ./foo.nix -i -E \
'f: (f {system = "i686-linux";}).subversionWithJava'</pre><p>
I.e., this evaluates to <code class="literal">(f: (f {system =
"i686-linux";}).subversionWithJava) (import ./foo.nix)</code>, thus
selecting the <code class="literal">subversionWithJava</code> attribute from the
set returned by calling the function defined in
<code class="filename">./foo.nix</code>.</p><p>A dry-run tells you which paths will be downloaded or built from
source:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -iA hello --dry-run
(dry run; not doing anything)
installing ‘hello-2.10’
this path will be fetched (0.04 MiB download, 0.19 MiB unpacked):
/nix/store/wkhdf9jinag5750mqlax6z2zbwhqb76n-hello-2.10
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
</p><p>To install Firefox from the latest revision in the Nixpkgs/NixOS
14.12 channel:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz -iA firefox
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-env-upgrade"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--upgrade</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300136496"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> { <code class="option">--upgrade</code> | <code class="option">-u</code> } [
{ <code class="option">--prebuilt-only</code> | <code class="option">-b</code> }
] [
{ <code class="option">--attr</code> | <code class="option">-A</code> }
] [<code class="option">--from-expression</code>] [<code class="option">-E</code>] [<code class="option">--from-profile</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>] [ <code class="option">--lt</code> | <code class="option">--leq</code> | <code class="option">--eq</code> | <code class="option">--always</code> ] <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300121104"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The upgrade operation creates a new user environment, based on
the current generation of the active profile, in which all store paths
are replaced for which there are newer versions in the set of paths
described by <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em>. Paths for which there
are no newer versions are left untouched; this is not an error. It is
also not an error if an element of <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em>
matches no installed derivations.</p><p>For a description of how <em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> is
mapped to a set of store paths, see <a class="link" href="#rsec-nix-env-install" title="Operation --install"><code class="option">--install</code></a>. If
<em class="replaceable"><code>args</code></em> describes multiple store paths with
the same symbolic name, only the one with the highest version is
installed.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300116496"></a><h3>Flags</h3><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--lt</code></span></dt><dd><p>Only upgrade a derivation to newer versions. This
is the default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--leq</code></span></dt><dd><p>In addition to upgrading to newer versions, also
“upgrade” to derivations that have the same version. Version are
not a unique identification of a derivation, so there may be many
derivations that have the same version. This flag may be useful
to force “synchronisation” between the installed and available
derivations.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--eq</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Only</em></span> “upgrade” to derivations
that have the same version. This may not seem very useful, but it
actually is, e.g., when there is a new release of Nixpkgs and you
want to replace installed applications with the same versions
built against newer dependencies (to reduce the number of
dependencies floating around on your system).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--always</code></span></dt><dd><p>In addition to upgrading to newer versions, also
“upgrade” to derivations that have the same or a lower version.
I.e., derivations may actually be downgraded depending on what is
available in the active Nix expression.</p></dd></dl></div><p>For the other flags, see <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#rsec-nix-env-install" title="Operation --install">--install</a></code>.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300106960"></a><h3>Examples</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --upgrade gcc
upgrading `gcc-3.3.1' to `gcc-3.4'
$ nix-env -u gcc-3.3.2 --always <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(switch to a specific version)</span></em>
upgrading `gcc-3.4' to `gcc-3.3.2'
$ nix-env --upgrade pan
<em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(no upgrades available, so nothing happens)</span></em>
$ nix-env -u <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(try to upgrade everything)</span></em>
upgrading `hello-2.1.2' to `hello-2.1.3'
upgrading `mozilla-1.2' to `mozilla-1.4'</pre></div><div class="refsection"><a id="ssec-version-comparisons"></a><h3>Versions</h3><p>The upgrade operation determines whether a derivation
<code class="varname">y</code> is an upgrade of a derivation
<code class="varname">x</code> by looking at their respective
<code class="literal">name</code> attributes. The names (e.g.,
<code class="literal">gcc-3.3.1</code> are split into two parts: the package
name (<code class="literal">gcc</code>), and the version
(<code class="literal">3.3.1</code>). The version part starts after the first
dash not followed by a letter. <code class="varname">x</code> is considered an
upgrade of <code class="varname">y</code> if their package names match, and the
version of <code class="varname">y</code> is higher that that of
<code class="varname">x</code>.</p><p>The versions are compared by splitting them into contiguous
components of numbers and letters. E.g., <code class="literal">3.3.1pre5</code>
is split into <code class="literal">[3, 3, 1, "pre", 5]</code>. These lists are
then compared lexicographically (from left to right). Corresponding
components <code class="varname">a</code> and <code class="varname">b</code> are compared
as follows. If they are both numbers, integer comparison is used. If
<code class="varname">a</code> is an empty string and <code class="varname">b</code> is a
number, <code class="varname">a</code> is considered less than
<code class="varname">b</code>. The special string component
<code class="literal">pre</code> (for <span class="emphasis"><em>pre-release</em></span>) is
considered to be less than other components. String components are
considered less than number components. Otherwise, they are compared
lexicographically (i.e., using case-sensitive string comparison).</p><p>This is illustrated by the following examples:
</p><pre class="screen">
1.0 &lt; 2.3
2.1 &lt; 2.3
2.3 = 2.3
2.5 &gt; 2.3
3.1 &gt; 2.3
2.3.1 &gt; 2.3
2.3.1 &gt; 2.3a
2.3pre1 &lt; 2.3
2.3pre3 &lt; 2.3pre12
2.3a &lt; 2.3c
2.3pre1 &lt; 2.3c
2.3pre1 &lt; 2.3q</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300091392"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--uninstall</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300090560"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> { <code class="option">--uninstall</code> | <code class="option">-e</code> } <em class="replaceable"><code>drvnames</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300085776"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The uninstall operation creates a new user environment, based on
the current generation of the active profile, from which the store
paths designated by the symbolic names
<em class="replaceable"><code>names</code></em> are removed.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300084080"></a><h3>Examples</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --uninstall gcc
$ nix-env -e '.*' <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(remove everything)</span></em></pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-env-set"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--set</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300080928"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> <code class="option">--set</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>drvname</code></em> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300077824"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The <code class="option">--set</code> operation modifies the current generation of a
profile so that it contains exactly the specified derivation, and nothing else.
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300076176"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>
The following updates a profile such that its current generation will contain
just Firefox:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/browser --set firefox</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-env-set-flag"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--set-flag</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300072736"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> <code class="option">--set-flag</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>drvnames</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300067728"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The <code class="option">--set-flag</code> operation allows meta attributes
of installed packages to be modified. There are several attributes
that can be usefully modified, because they affect the behaviour of
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> or the user environment build
script:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">priority</code> can be changed to
resolve filename clashes. The user environment build script uses
the <code class="varname">meta.priority</code> attribute of derivations to
resolve filename collisions between packages. Lower priority values
denote a higher priority. For instance, the GCC wrapper package and
the Binutils package in Nixpkgs both have a file
<code class="filename">bin/ld</code>, so previously if you tried to install
both you would get a collision. Now, on the other hand, the GCC
wrapper declares a higher priority than Binutils, so the former’s
<code class="filename">bin/ld</code> is symlinked in the user
environment.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">keep</code> can be set to
<code class="literal">true</code> to prevent the package from being upgraded
or replaced. This is useful if you want to hang on to an older
version of a package.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">active</code> can be set to
<code class="literal">false</code> to “disable” the package. That is, no
symlinks will be generated to the files of the package, but it
remains part of the profile (so it won’t be garbage-collected). It
can be set back to <code class="literal">true</code> to re-enable the
package.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300058816"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>To prevent the currently installed Firefox from being upgraded:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --set-flag keep true firefox</pre><p>
After this, <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -u</strong></span> will ignore Firefox.</p><p>To disable the currently installed Firefox, then install a new
Firefox while the old remains part of the profile:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -q
firefox-2.0.0.9 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(the current one)</span></em>
$ nix-env --preserve-installed -i firefox-2.0.0.11
installing `firefox-2.0.0.11'
building path(s) `/nix/store/myy0y59q3ig70dgq37jqwg1j0rsapzsl-user-environment'
collision between `/nix/store/<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>-firefox-2.0.0.11/bin/firefox'
and `/nix/store/<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>-firefox-2.0.0.9/bin/firefox'.
<em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(i.e., can’t have two active at the same time)</span></em>
$ nix-env --set-flag active false firefox
setting flag on `firefox-2.0.0.9'
$ nix-env --preserve-installed -i firefox-2.0.0.11
installing `firefox-2.0.0.11'
$ nix-env -q
firefox-2.0.0.11 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(the enabled one)</span></em>
firefox-2.0.0.9 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(the disabled one)</span></em></pre><p>
</p><p>To make files from <code class="literal">binutils</code> take precedence
over files from <code class="literal">gcc</code>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --set-flag priority 5 binutils
$ nix-env --set-flag priority 10 gcc</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300050640"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--query</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300049808"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> { <code class="option">--query</code> | <code class="option">-q</code> } [ <code class="option">--installed</code> | <code class="option">--available</code> | <code class="option">-a</code> ]<br /> [
{ <code class="option">--status</code> | <code class="option">-s</code> }
] [
{ <code class="option">--attr-path</code> | <code class="option">-P</code> }
] [<code class="option">--no-name</code>] [
{ <code class="option">--compare-versions</code> | <code class="option">-c</code> }
] [<code class="option">--system</code>] [<code class="option">--drv-path</code>] [<code class="option">--out-path</code>] [<code class="option">--description</code>] [<code class="option">--meta</code>]<br /> [<code class="option">--xml</code>] [<code class="option">--json</code>] [
{ <code class="option">--prebuilt-only</code> | <code class="option">-b</code> }
] [
{ <code class="option">--attr</code> | <code class="option">-A</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>attribute-path</code></em>
]<br /> <em class="replaceable"><code>names</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300023312"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The query operation displays information about either the store
paths that are installed in the current generation of the active
profile (<code class="option">--installed</code>), or the derivations that are
available for installation in the active Nix expression
(<code class="option">--available</code>). It only prints information about
derivations whose symbolic name matches one of
<em class="replaceable"><code>names</code></em>.</p><p>The derivations are sorted by their <code class="literal">name</code>
attributes.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300019760"></a><h3>Source selection</h3><p>The following flags specify the set of things on which the query
operates.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--installed</code></span></dt><dd><p>The query operates on the store paths that are
installed in the current generation of the active profile. This
is the default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--available</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-a</code></span></dt><dd><p>The query operates on the derivations that are
available in the active Nix expression.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733300014832"></a><h3>Queries</h3><p>The following flags specify what information to display about
the selected derivations. Multiple flags may be specified, in which
case the information is shown in the order given here. Note that the
name of the derivation is shown unless <code class="option">--no-name</code> is
specified.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--xml</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the result in an XML representation suitable
for automatic processing by other tools. The root element is
called <code class="literal">items</code>, which contains a
<code class="literal">item</code> element for each available or installed
derivation. The fields discussed below are all stored in
attributes of the <code class="literal">item</code>
elements.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--json</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the result in a JSON representation suitable
for automatic processing by other tools.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--prebuilt-only</code> / <code class="option">-b</code></span></dt><dd><p>Show only derivations for which a substitute is
registered, i.e., there is a pre-built binary available that can
be downloaded in lieu of building the derivation. Thus, this
shows all packages that probably can be installed
quickly.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--status</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-s</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the <span class="emphasis"><em>status</em></span> of the
derivation. The status consists of three characters. The first
is <code class="literal">I</code> or <code class="literal">-</code>, indicating
whether the derivation is currently installed in the current
generation of the active profile. This is by definition the case
for <code class="option">--installed</code>, but not for
<code class="option">--available</code>. The second is <code class="literal">P</code>
or <code class="literal">-</code>, indicating whether the derivation is
present on the system. This indicates whether installation of an
available derivation will require the derivation to be built. The
third is <code class="literal">S</code> or <code class="literal">-</code>, indicating
whether a substitute is available for the
derivation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--attr-path</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-P</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the <span class="emphasis"><em>attribute path</em></span> of
the derivation, which can be used to unambiguously select it using
the <a class="link" href="#opt-attr"><code class="option">--attr</code> option</a>
available in commands that install derivations like
<code class="literal">nix-env --install</code>. This option only works
together with <code class="option">--available</code></p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-name</code></span></dt><dd><p>Suppress printing of the <code class="literal">name</code>
attribute of each derivation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--compare-versions</code> /
<code class="option">-c</code></span></dt><dd><p>Compare installed versions to available versions,
or vice versa (if <code class="option">--available</code> is given). This is
useful for quickly seeing whether upgrades for installed
packages are available in a Nix expression. A column is added
with the following meaning:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">&lt;</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>version</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>A newer version of the package is available
or installed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">=</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>version</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>At most the same version of the package is
available or installed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">&gt;</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>version</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Only older versions of the package are
available or installed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">- ?</code></span></dt><dd><p>No version of the package is available or
installed.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--system</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the <code class="literal">system</code> attribute of
the derivation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--drv-path</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the path of the store
derivation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--out-path</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the output path of the
derivation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--description</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print a short (one-line) description of the
derivation, if available. The description is taken from the
<code class="literal">meta.description</code> attribute of the
derivation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--meta</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print all of the meta-attributes of the
derivation. This option is only available with
<code class="option">--xml</code> or <code class="option">--json</code>.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299975552"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>To show installed packages:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -q
bison-1.875c
docbook-xml-4.2
firefox-1.0.4
MPlayer-1.0pre7
ORBit2-2.8.3
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
</pre><p>
</p><p>To show available packages:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa
firefox-1.0.7
GConf-2.4.0.1
MPlayer-1.0pre7
ORBit2-2.8.3
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
</pre><p>
</p><p>To show the status of available packages:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qas
-P- firefox-1.0.7 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(not installed but present)</span></em>
--S GConf-2.4.0.1 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(not present, but there is a substitute for fast installation)</span></em>
--S MPlayer-1.0pre3 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(i.e., this is not the installed MPlayer, even though the version is the same!)</span></em>
IP- ORBit2-2.8.3 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(installed and by definition present)</span></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
</pre><p>
</p><p>To show available packages in the Nix expression <code class="filename">foo.nix</code>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f ./foo.nix -qa
foo-1.2.3
</pre><p>
</p><p>To compare installed versions to what’s available:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qc
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
acrobat-reader-7.0 - ? <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(package is not available at all)</span></em>
autoconf-2.59 = 2.59 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(same version)</span></em>
firefox-1.0.4 &lt; 1.0.7 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(a more recent version is available)</span></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
</pre><p>
</p><p>To show all packages with “<code class="literal">zip</code>” in the name:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa '.*zip.*'
bzip2-1.0.6
gzip-1.6
zip-3.0
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
</pre><p>
</p><p>To show all packages with “<code class="literal">firefox</code>” or
“<code class="literal">chromium</code>” in the name:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa '.*(firefox|chromium).*'
chromium-37.0.2062.94
chromium-beta-38.0.2125.24
firefox-32.0.3
firefox-with-plugins-13.0.1
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
</pre><p>
</p><p>To show all packages in the latest revision of the Nixpkgs
repository:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz -qa
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299959008"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--switch-profile</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299958176"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> { <code class="option">--switch-profile</code> | <code class="option">-S</code> } {<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>}</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299953696"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>This operation makes <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> the current
profile for the user. That is, the symlink
<code class="filename">~/.nix-profile</code> is made to point to
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299951328"></a><h3>Examples</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -S ~/my-profile</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299949648"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--list-generations</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299948816"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> <code class="option">--list-generations</code> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299946528"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>This operation print a list of all the currently existing
generations for the active profile. These may be switched to using
the <code class="option">--switch-generation</code> operation. It also prints
the creation date of the generation, and indicates the current
generation.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299944800"></a><h3>Examples</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --list-generations
95 2004-02-06 11:48:24
96 2004-02-06 11:49:01
97 2004-02-06 16:22:45
98 2004-02-06 16:24:33 (current)</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299943088"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--delete-generations</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299942256"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> <code class="option">--delete-generations</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>generations</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299938880"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>This operation deletes the specified generations of the current
profile. The generations can be a list of generation numbers, the
special value <code class="literal">old</code> to delete all non-current
generations, a value such as <code class="literal">30d</code> to delete all
generations older than the specified number of days (except for the
generation that was active at that point in time), or a value such as
<code class="literal">+5</code> to keep the last <code class="literal">5</code> generations
ignoring any newer than current, e.g., if <code class="literal">30</code> is the current
generation <code class="literal">+5</code> will delete generation <code class="literal">25</code>
and all older generations.
Periodically deleting old generations is important to make garbage collection
effective.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299934384"></a><h3>Examples</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --delete-generations 3 4 8
$ nix-env --delete-generations +5
$ nix-env --delete-generations 30d
$ nix-env -p other_profile --delete-generations old</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299932576"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--switch-generation</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299931744"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> { <code class="option">--switch-generation</code> | <code class="option">-G</code> } {<em class="replaceable"><code>generation</code></em>}</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299927264"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>This operation makes generation number
<em class="replaceable"><code>generation</code></em> the current generation of the
active profile. That is, if the
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>profile</code></em></code> is the path to
the active profile, then the symlink
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>profile</code></em></code> is made to
point to
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>profile</code></em>-<em class="replaceable"><code>generation</code></em>-link</code>,
which is in turn a symlink to the actual user environment in the Nix
store.</p><p>Switching will fail if the specified generation does not exist.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299922880"></a><h3>Examples</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -G 42
switching from generation 50 to 42</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299921184"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--rollback</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299920352"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-env</code> <code class="option">--rollback</code> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299918064"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>This operation switches to the “previous” generation of the
active profile, that is, the highest numbered generation lower than
the current generation, if it exists. It is just a convenience
wrapper around <code class="option">--list-generations</code> and
<code class="option">--switch-generation</code>.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299915712"></a><h3>Examples</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env --rollback
switching from generation 92 to 91
$ nix-env --rollback
error: no generation older than the current (91) exists</pre></div></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-build"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-build — build a Nix expression</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-build</code> [<code class="option">--help</code>] [<code class="option">--version</code>] [
{ <code class="option">--verbose</code> | <code class="option">-v</code> }
...] [
<code class="option">--quiet</code>
] [
<code class="option">--log-format</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--no-build-output</code> | <code class="option">-Q</code>
] [
{ <code class="option">--max-jobs</code> | <code class="option">-j</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--cores</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--max-silent-time</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--timeout</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--keep-going</code> | <code class="option">-k</code>
] [
<code class="option">--keep-failed</code> | <code class="option">-K</code>
] [<code class="option">--fallback</code>] [<code class="option">--readonly-mode</code>] [
<code class="option">-I</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--option</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>
]<br /> [<code class="option">--arg</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>] [<code class="option">--argstr</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>] [
{ <code class="option">--attr</code> | <code class="option">-A</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrPath</code></em>
] [<code class="option">--no-out-link</code>] [<code class="option">--dry-run</code>] [
{ <code class="option">--out-link</code> | <code class="option">-o</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>outlink</code></em>
] <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299874432"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> command builds the derivations
described by the Nix expressions in <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>.
If the build succeeds, it places a symlink to the result in the
current directory. The symlink is called <code class="filename">result</code>.
If there are multiple Nix expressions, or the Nix expressions evaluate
to multiple derivations, multiple sequentially numbered symlinks are
created (<code class="filename">result</code>, <code class="filename">result-2</code>,
and so on).</p><p>If no <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> are specified, then
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> will use <code class="filename">default.nix</code>
in the current directory, if it exists.</p><p>If an element of <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> starts with
<code class="literal">http://</code> or <code class="literal">https://</code>, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and
unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single
top-level directory containing at least a file named
<code class="filename">default.nix</code>.</p><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> is essentially a wrapper around
<a class="link" href="#sec-nix-instantiate" title="nix-instantiate"><span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span></a>
(to translate a high-level Nix expression to a low-level store
derivation) and <a class="link" href="#rsec-nix-store-realise" title="Operation --realise"><span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--realise</strong></span></a> (to build the store derivation).</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>The result of the build is automatically registered as
a root of the Nix garbage collector. This root disappears
automatically when the <code class="filename">result</code> symlink is deleted
or renamed. So don’t rename the symlink.</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299863072"></a><h2>Options</h2><p>All options not listed here are passed to <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--realise</strong></span>, except for <code class="option">--arg</code> and
<code class="option">--attr</code> / <code class="option">-A</code> which are passed to
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>. <span class="phrase">See
also <a class="xref" href="#sec-common-options" title="Chapter 20. Common Options">Chapter 20, <em>Common Options</em></a>.</span></p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-out-link</code></span></dt><dd><p>Do not create a symlink to the output path. Note
that as a result the output does not become a root of the garbage
collector, and so might be deleted by <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--gc</strong></span>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--dry-run</code></span></dt><dd><p>Show what store paths would be built or downloaded.</p></dd><dt><a id="opt-out-link"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--out-link</code> /
<code class="option">-o</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>outlink</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Change the name of the symlink to the output path
created from <code class="filename">result</code> to
<em class="replaceable"><code>outlink</code></em>.</p></dd></dl></div><p>The following common options are supported:</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299851056"></a><h2>Examples</h2><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A firefox
store derivation is /nix/store/qybprl8sz2lc...-firefox-1.5.0.7.drv
/nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7
$ ls -l result
lrwxrwxrwx <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em> result -&gt; /nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7
$ ls ./result/bin/
firefox firefox-config</pre><p>If a derivation has multiple outputs,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> will build the default (first) output.
You can also build all outputs:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A openssl.all
</pre><p>
This will create a symlink for each output named
<code class="filename">result-<em class="replaceable"><code>outputname</code></em></code>.
The suffix is omitted if the output name is <code class="literal">out</code>.
So if <code class="literal">openssl</code> has outputs <code class="literal">out</code>,
<code class="literal">bin</code> and <code class="literal">man</code>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> will create symlinks
<code class="literal">result</code>, <code class="literal">result-bin</code> and
<code class="literal">result-man</code>. It’s also possible to build a specific
output:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A openssl.man
</pre><p>
This will create a symlink <code class="literal">result-man</code>.</p><p>Build a Nix expression given on the command line:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build -E 'with import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; { }; runCommand "foo" { } "echo bar &gt; $out"'
$ cat ./result
bar
</pre><p>
</p><p>Build the GNU Hello package from the latest revision of the
master branch of Nixpkgs:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz -A hello
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-shell"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-shell — start an interactive shell based on a Nix expression</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-shell</code> [<code class="option">--arg</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>] [<code class="option">--argstr</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>] [
{ <code class="option">--attr</code> | <code class="option">-A</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrPath</code></em>
] [<code class="option">--command</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>cmd</code></em>] [<code class="option">--run</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>cmd</code></em>] [<code class="option">--exclude</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em>] [<code class="option">--pure</code>] [<code class="option">--keep</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>] {
{ <code class="option">--packages</code> | <code class="option">-p</code> }
{ <em class="replaceable"><code>packages</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>expressions</code></em> }
...
| [<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>]}</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299816608"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> will build the
dependencies of the specified derivation, but not the derivation
itself. It will then start an interactive shell in which all
environment variables defined by the derivation
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> have been set to their corresponding
values, and the script <code class="literal">$stdenv/setup</code> has been
sourced. This is useful for reproducing the environment of a
derivation for development.</p><p>If <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> is not given,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> defaults to
<code class="filename">shell.nix</code> if it exists, and
<code class="filename">default.nix</code> otherwise.</p><p>If <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> starts with
<code class="literal">http://</code> or <code class="literal">https://</code>, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and
unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single
top-level directory containing at least a file named
<code class="filename">default.nix</code>.</p><p>If the derivation defines the variable
<code class="varname">shellHook</code>, it will be evaluated after
<code class="literal">$stdenv/setup</code> has been sourced. Since this hook is
not executed by regular Nix builds, it allows you to perform
initialisation specific to <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span>. For example,
the derivation attribute
</p><pre class="programlisting">
shellHook =
''
echo "Hello shell"
'';
</pre><p>
will cause <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> to print <code class="literal">Hello shell</code>.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299806096"></a><h2>Options</h2><p>All options not listed here are passed to <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--realise</strong></span>, except for <code class="option">--arg</code> and
<code class="option">--attr</code> / <code class="option">-A</code> which are passed to
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>. <span class="phrase">See
also <a class="xref" href="#sec-common-options" title="Chapter 20. Common Options">Chapter 20, <em>Common Options</em></a>.</span></p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--command</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>cmd</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>In the environment of the derivation, run the
shell command <em class="replaceable"><code>cmd</code></em>. This command is
executed in an interactive shell. (Use <code class="option">--run</code> to
use a non-interactive shell instead.) However, a call to
<code class="literal">exit</code> is implicitly added to the command, so the
shell will exit after running the command. To prevent this, add
<code class="literal">return</code> at the end; e.g. <code class="literal">--command
"echo Hello; return"</code> will print <code class="literal">Hello</code>
and then drop you into the interactive shell. This can be useful
for doing any additional initialisation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--run</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>cmd</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Like <code class="option">--command</code>, but executes the
command in a non-interactive shell. This means (among other
things) that if you hit Ctrl-C while the command is running, the
shell exits.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--exclude</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Do not build any dependencies whose store path
matches the regular expression <em class="replaceable"><code>regexp</code></em>.
This option may be specified multiple times.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--pure</code></span></dt><dd><p>If this flag is specified, the environment is
almost entirely cleared before the interactive shell is started,
so you get an environment that more closely corresponds to the
“real” Nix build. A few variables, in particular
<code class="envar">HOME</code>, <code class="envar">USER</code> and
<code class="envar">DISPLAY</code>, are retained. Note that
<code class="filename">~/.bashrc</code> and (depending on your Bash
installation) <code class="filename">/etc/bashrc</code> are still sourced,
so any variables set there will affect the interactive
shell.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--packages</code> / <code class="option">-p</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>packages</code></em>…</span></dt><dd><p>Set up an environment in which the specified
packages are present. The command line arguments are interpreted
as attribute names inside the Nix Packages collection. Thus,
<code class="literal">nix-shell -p libjpeg openjdk</code> will start a shell
in which the packages denoted by the attribute names
<code class="varname">libjpeg</code> and <code class="varname">openjdk</code> are
present.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-i</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>interpreter</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>The chained script interpreter to be invoked by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span>. Only applicable in
<code class="literal">#!</code>-scripts (described <a class="link" href="#ssec-nix-shell-shebang" title="Use as a #!-interpreter">below</a>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--keep</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>When a <code class="option">--pure</code> shell is started,
keep the listed environment variables.</p></dd></dl></div><p>The following common options are supported:</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299777888"></a><h2>Environment variables</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_SHELL</code></span></dt><dd><p>Shell used to start the interactive environment.
Defaults to the <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> found in <code class="envar">PATH</code>.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299774576"></a><h2>Examples</h2><p>To build the dependencies of the package Pan, and start an
interactive shell in which to build it:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A pan
[nix-shell]$ unpackPhase
[nix-shell]$ cd pan-*
[nix-shell]$ configurePhase
[nix-shell]$ buildPhase
[nix-shell]$ ./pan/gui/pan
</pre><p>
To clear the environment first, and do some additional automatic
initialisation of the interactive shell:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A pan --pure \
--command 'export NIX_DEBUG=1; export NIX_CORES=8; return'
</pre><p>
Nix expressions can also be given on the command line using the
<span class="command"><strong>-E</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>-p</strong></span> flags.
For instance, the following starts a shell containing the packages
<code class="literal">sqlite</code> and <code class="literal">libX11</code>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell -E 'with import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; { }; runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ sqlite xorg.libX11 ]; } ""'
</pre><p>
A shorter way to do the same is:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell -p sqlite xorg.libX11
[nix-shell]$ echo $NIX_LDFLAGS
… -L/nix/store/j1zg5v…-sqlite-3.8.0.2/lib -L/nix/store/0gmcz9…-libX11-1.6.1/lib …
</pre><p>
Note that <span class="command"><strong>-p</strong></span> accepts multiple full nix expressions that
are valid in the <code class="literal">buildInputs = [ ... ]</code> shown above,
not only package names. So the following is also legal:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell -p sqlite 'git.override { withManual = false; }'
</pre><p>
The <span class="command"><strong>-p</strong></span> flag looks up Nixpkgs in the Nix search
path. You can override it by passing <code class="option">-I</code> or setting
<code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code>. For example, the following gives you a shell
containing the Pan package from a specific revision of Nixpkgs:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell -p pan -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/8a3eea054838b55aca962c3fbde9c83c102b8bf2.tar.gz
[nix-shell:~]$ pan --version
Pan 0.139
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="ssec-nix-shell-shebang"></a><h2>Use as a <code class="literal">#!</code>-interpreter</h2><p>You can use <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> as a script interpreter
to allow scripts written in arbitrary languages to obtain their own
dependencies via Nix. This is done by starting the script with the
following lines:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i <em class="replaceable"><code>real-interpreter</code></em> -p <em class="replaceable"><code>packages</code></em>
</pre><p>
where <em class="replaceable"><code>real-interpreter</code></em> is the “real” script
interpreter that will be invoked by <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> after
it has obtained the dependencies and initialised the environment, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>packages</code></em> are the attribute names of the
dependencies in Nixpkgs.</p><p>The lines starting with <code class="literal">#! nix-shell</code> specify
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> options (see above). Note that you cannot
write <code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell -i ...</code> because
many operating systems only allow one argument in
<code class="literal">#!</code> lines.</p><p>For example, here is a Python script that depends on Python and
the <code class="literal">prettytable</code> package:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i python -p python pythonPackages.prettytable
import prettytable
# Print a simple table.
t = prettytable.PrettyTable(["N", "N^2"])
for n in range(1, 10): t.add_row([n, n * n])
print t
</pre><p>
</p><p>Similarly, the following is a Perl script that specifies that it
requires Perl and the <code class="literal">HTML::TokeParser::Simple</code> and
<code class="literal">LWP</code> packages:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i perl -p perl perlPackages.HTMLTokeParserSimple perlPackages.LWP
use HTML::TokeParser::Simple;
# Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
my $p = HTML::TokeParser::Simple-&gt;new(url =&gt; 'http://nixos.org/');
while (my $token = $p-&gt;get_tag("a")) {
my $href = $token-&gt;get_attr("href");
print "$href\n" if $href;
}
</pre><p>
</p><p>Sometimes you need to pass a simple Nix expression to customize
a package like Terraform:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i bash -p "terraform.withPlugins (plugins: [ plugins.openstack ])"
terraform apply
</pre><p>
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>You must use double quotes (<code class="literal">"</code>) when
passing a simple Nix expression in a nix-shell shebang.</p></div><p>
</p><p>Finally, using the merging of multiple nix-shell shebangs the
following Haskell script uses a specific branch of Nixpkgs/NixOS (the
18.03 stable branch):
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i runghc -p "haskellPackages.ghcWithPackages (ps: [ps.HTTP ps.tagsoup])"
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/nixos-18.03.tar.gz
import Network.HTTP
import Text.HTML.TagSoup
-- Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
main = do
resp &lt;- Network.HTTP.simpleHTTP (getRequest "http://nixos.org/")
body &lt;- getResponseBody resp
let tags = filter (isTagOpenName "a") $ parseTags body
let tags' = map (fromAttrib "href") tags
mapM_ putStrLn $ filter (/= "") tags'
</pre><p>
If you want to be even more precise, you can specify a specific
revision of Nixpkgs:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/0672315759b3e15e2121365f067c1c8c56bb4722.tar.gz
</pre><p>
</p><p>The examples above all used <code class="option">-p</code> to get
dependencies from Nixpkgs. You can also use a Nix expression to build
your own dependencies. For example, the Python example could have been
written as:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell deps.nix -i python
</pre><p>
where the file <code class="filename">deps.nix</code> in the same directory
as the <code class="literal">#!</code>-script contains:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
with import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {};
runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ python pythonPackages.prettytable ]; } ""
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-store"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-store — manipulate or query the Nix store</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> [<code class="option">--help</code>] [<code class="option">--version</code>] [
{ <code class="option">--verbose</code> | <code class="option">-v</code> }
...] [
<code class="option">--quiet</code>
] [
<code class="option">--log-format</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--no-build-output</code> | <code class="option">-Q</code>
] [
{ <code class="option">--max-jobs</code> | <code class="option">-j</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--cores</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--max-silent-time</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--timeout</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--keep-going</code> | <code class="option">-k</code>
] [
<code class="option">--keep-failed</code> | <code class="option">-K</code>
] [<code class="option">--fallback</code>] [<code class="option">--readonly-mode</code>] [
<code class="option">-I</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>
] [
<code class="option">--option</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>
]<br /> [<code class="option">--add-root</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>] [<code class="option">--indirect</code>] <em class="replaceable"><code>operation</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>options</code></em>...] [<em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em>...]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299713504"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span> performs primitive
operations on the Nix store. You generally do not need to run this
command manually.</p><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span> takes exactly one
<span class="emphasis"><em>operation</em></span> flag which indicates the subcommand to
be performed. These are documented below.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299710208"></a><h2>Common options</h2><p>This section lists the options that are common to all
operations. These options are allowed for every subcommand, though
they may not always have an effect. <span class="phrase">See
also <a class="xref" href="#sec-common-options" title="Chapter 20. Common Options">Chapter 20, <em>Common Options</em></a> for a list of common
options.</span></p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><a id="opt-add-root"></a><span class="term"><code class="option">--add-root</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Causes the result of a realisation
(<code class="option">--realise</code> and <code class="option">--force-realise</code>)
to be registered as a root of the garbage collector<span class="phrase"> (see <a class="xref" href="#ssec-gc-roots" title="11.1. Garbage Collector Roots">Section 11.1, “Garbage Collector Roots”</a>)</span>. The root is stored in
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>, which must be inside a directory
that is scanned for roots by the garbage collector (i.e.,
typically in a subdirectory of
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/gcroots/</code>)
<span class="emphasis"><em>unless</em></span> the <code class="option">--indirect</code> flag
is used.</p><p>If there are multiple results, then multiple symlinks will
be created by sequentially numbering symlinks beyond the first one
(e.g., <code class="filename">foo</code>, <code class="filename">foo-2</code>,
<code class="filename">foo-3</code>, and so on).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--indirect</code></span></dt><dd><p>In conjunction with <code class="option">--add-root</code>, this option
allows roots to be stored <span class="emphasis"><em>outside</em></span> of the GC
roots directory. This is useful for commands such as
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> that place a symlink to the build
result in the current directory; such a build result should not be
garbage-collected unless the symlink is removed.</p><p>The <code class="option">--indirect</code> flag causes a uniquely named
symlink to <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> to be stored in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto/</code>. For instance,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --add-root /home/eelco/bla/result --indirect -r <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
$ ls -l /nix/var/nix/gcroots/auto
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 dn54lcypm8f8... -&gt; /home/eelco/bla/result
$ ls -l /home/eelco/bla/result
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ... 2005-03-13 21:10 /home/eelco/bla/result -&gt; /nix/store/1r11343n6qd4...-f-spot-0.0.10</pre><p>
Thus, when <code class="filename">/home/eelco/bla/result</code> is removed,
the GC root in the <code class="filename">auto</code> directory becomes a
dangling symlink and will be ignored by the collector.</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Note that it is not possible to move or rename
indirect GC roots, since the symlink in the
<code class="filename">auto</code> directory will still point to the old
location.</p></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-store-realise"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--realise</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299689136"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> { <code class="option">--realise</code> | <code class="option">-r</code> } <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... [<code class="option">--dry-run</code>]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299683808"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--realise</code> essentially “builds”
the specified store paths. Realisation is a somewhat overloaded term:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>If the store path is a
<span class="emphasis"><em>derivation</em></span>, realisation ensures that the output
paths of the derivation are <a class="link" href="#gloss-validity" title="validity">valid</a> (i.e., the output path and its
closure exist in the file system). This can be done in several
ways. First, it is possible that the outputs are already valid, in
which case we are done immediately. Otherwise, there may be <a class="link" href="#gloss-substitute" title="substitute">substitutes</a> that produce the
outputs (e.g., by downloading them). Finally, the outputs can be
produced by performing the build action described by the
derivation.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If the store path is not a derivation, realisation
ensures that the specified path is valid (i.e., it and its closure
exist in the file system). If the path is already valid, we are
done immediately. Otherwise, the path and any missing paths in its
closure may be produced through substitutes. If there are no
(successful) subsitutes, realisation fails.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>The output path of each derivation is printed on standard
output. (For non-derivations argument, the argument itself is
printed.)</p><p>The following flags are available:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--dry-run</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print on standard error a description of what
packages would be built or downloaded, without actually performing
the operation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--ignore-unknown</code></span></dt><dd><p>If a non-derivation path does not have a
substitute, then silently ignore it.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--check</code></span></dt><dd><p>This option allows you to check whether a
derivation is deterministic. It rebuilds the specified derivation
and checks whether the result is bitwise-identical with the
existing outputs, printing an error if that’s not the case. The
outputs of the specified derivation must already exist. When used
with <code class="option">-K</code>, if an output path is not identical to
the corresponding output from the previous build, the new output
path is left in
<code class="filename">/nix/store/<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>.check.</code></p><p>See also the <code class="option">build-repeat</code> configuration
option, which repeats a derivation a number of times and prevents
its outputs from being registered as “valid” in the Nix store
unless they are identical.</p></dd></dl></div><p>Special exit codes:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">100</code></span></dt><dd><p>Generic build failure, the builder process
returned with a non-zero exit code.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">101</code></span></dt><dd><p>Build timeout, the build was aborted because it
did not complete within the specified <a class="link" href="#conf-timeout"><code class="literal">timeout</code></a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">102</code></span></dt><dd><p>Hash mismatch, the build output was rejected
because it does not match the specified <a class="link" href="#fixed-output-drvs"><code class="varname">outputHash</code></a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">104</code></span></dt><dd><p>Not deterministic, the build succeeded in check
mode but the resulting output is not binary reproducable.</p></dd></dl></div><p>With the <code class="option">--keep-going</code> flag it's possible for
multiple failures to occur, in this case the 1xx status codes are or combined
using binary or. </p><pre class="screen">
1100100
^^^^
|||`- timeout
||`-- output hash mismatch
|`--- build failure
`---- not deterministic
</pre></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299659648"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>This operation is typically used to build store derivations
produced by <a class="link" href="#sec-nix-instantiate" title="nix-instantiate"><span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span></a>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -r $(nix-instantiate ./test.nix)
/nix/store/31axcgrlbfsxzmfff1gyj1bf62hvkby2-aterm-2.3.1</pre><p>
This is essentially what <a class="link" href="#sec-nix-build" title="nix-build"><span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span></a> does.</p><p>To test whether a previously-built derivation is deterministic:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A hello --check -K
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-store-serve"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--serve</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299653424"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--serve</code> [<code class="option">--write</code>]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299650592"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--serve</code> provides access to
the Nix store over stdin and stdout, and is intended to be used
as a means of providing Nix store access to a restricted ssh user.
</p><p>The following flags are available:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--write</code></span></dt><dd><p>Allow the connected client to request the realization
of derivations. In effect, this can be used to make the host act
as a remote builder.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299646640"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>To turn a host into a build server, the
<code class="filename">authorized_keys</code> file can be used to provide build
access to a given SSH public key:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;&gt;/root/.ssh/authorized_keys
command="nice -n20 nix-store --serve --write" ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAA...
EOF
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-store-gc"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--gc</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299642624"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--gc</code> [ <code class="option">--print-roots</code> | <code class="option">--print-live</code> | <code class="option">--print-dead</code> ] [<code class="option">--max-freed</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>bytes</code></em>]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299636544"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>Without additional flags, the operation <code class="option">--gc</code>
performs a garbage collection on the Nix store. That is, all paths in
the Nix store not reachable via file system references from a set of
“roots”, are deleted.</p><p>The following suboperations may be specified:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--print-roots</code></span></dt><dd><p>This operation prints on standard output the set
of roots used by the garbage collector. What constitutes a root
is described in <a class="xref" href="#ssec-gc-roots" title="11.1. Garbage Collector Roots">Section 11.1, “Garbage Collector Roots”</a>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--print-live</code></span></dt><dd><p>This operation prints on standard output the set
of “live” store paths, which are all the store paths reachable
from the roots. Live paths should never be deleted, since that
would break consistency — it would become possible that
applications are installed that reference things that are no
longer present in the store.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--print-dead</code></span></dt><dd><p>This operation prints out on standard output the
set of “dead” store paths, which is just the opposite of the set
of live paths: any path in the store that is not live (with
respect to the roots) is dead.</p></dd></dl></div><p>By default, all unreachable paths are deleted. The following
options control what gets deleted and in what order:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--max-freed</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>bytes</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Keep deleting paths until at least
<em class="replaceable"><code>bytes</code></em> bytes have been deleted, then
stop. The argument <em class="replaceable"><code>bytes</code></em> can be
followed by the multiplicative suffix <code class="literal">K</code>,
<code class="literal">M</code>, <code class="literal">G</code> or
<code class="literal">T</code>, denoting KiB, MiB, GiB or TiB
units.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p><p>The behaviour of the collector is also influenced by the <a class="link" href="#conf-keep-outputs"><code class="literal">keep-outputs</code></a>
and <a class="link" href="#conf-keep-derivations"><code class="literal">keep-derivations</code></a>
variables in the Nix configuration file.</p><p>By default, the collector prints the total number of freed bytes
when it finishes (or when it is interrupted). With
<code class="option">--print-dead</code>, it prints the number of bytes that would
be freed.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299619488"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>To delete all unreachable paths, just do:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --gc
deleting `/nix/store/kq82idx6g0nyzsp2s14gfsc38npai7lf-cairo-1.0.4.tar.gz.drv'
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
8825586 bytes freed (8.42 MiB)</pre><p>
</p><p>To delete at least 100 MiBs of unreachable paths:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --gc --max-freed $((100 * 1024 * 1024))</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299615968"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--delete</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299615136"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--delete</code> [<code class="option">--ignore-liveness</code>] <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299611216"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--delete</code> deletes the store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> from the Nix store, but only if it is
safe to do so; that is, when the path is not reachable from a root of
the garbage collector. This means that you can only delete paths that
would also be deleted by <code class="literal">nix-store --gc</code>. Thus,
<code class="literal">--delete</code> is a more targeted version of
<code class="literal">--gc</code>.</p><p>With the option <code class="option">--ignore-liveness</code>, reachability
from the roots is ignored. However, the path still won’t be deleted
if there are other paths in the store that refer to it (i.e., depend
on it).</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299606528"></a><h3>Example</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --delete /nix/store/zq0h41l75vlb4z45kzgjjmsjxvcv1qk7-mesa-6.4
0 bytes freed (0.00 MiB)
error: cannot delete path `/nix/store/zq0h41l75vlb4z45kzgjjmsjxvcv1qk7-mesa-6.4' since it is still alive</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="refsec-nix-store-query"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--query</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299603504"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> { <code class="option">--query</code> | <code class="option">-q</code> } { <code class="option">--outputs</code> | <code class="option">--requisites</code> | <code class="option">-R</code> | <code class="option">--references</code> | <code class="option">--referrers</code> | <code class="option">--referrers-closure</code> | <code class="option">--deriver</code> | <code class="option">-d</code> | <code class="option">--graph</code> | <code class="option">--tree</code> | <code class="option">--binding</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> | <code class="option">-b</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> | <code class="option">--hash</code> | <code class="option">--size</code> | <code class="option">--roots</code> } [<code class="option">--use-output</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">--force-realise</code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299583008"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--query</code> displays various bits of
information about the store paths . The queries are described below. At
most one query can be specified. The default query is
<code class="option">--outputs</code>.</p><p>The paths <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> may also be symlinks
from outside of the Nix store, to the Nix store. In that case, the
query is applied to the target of the symlink.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299579920"></a><h3>Common query options</h3><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--use-output</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-u</code></span></dt><dd><p>For each argument to the query that is a store
derivation, apply the query to the output path of the derivation
instead.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--force-realise</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-f</code></span></dt><dd><p>Realise each argument to the query first (see
<a class="link" href="#rsec-nix-store-realise" title="Operation --realise"><span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--realise</strong></span></a>).</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="nixref-queries"></a><h3>Queries</h3><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--outputs</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints out the <a class="link" href="#gloss-output-path" title="output path">output paths</a> of the store
derivations <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>. These are the paths
that will be produced when the derivation is
built.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--requisites</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-R</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints out the <a class="link" href="#gloss-closure" title="closure">closure</a> of the store path
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>.</p><p>This query has one option:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--include-outputs</code></span></dt><dd><p>Also include the output path of store
derivations, and their closures.</p></dd></dl></div><p>This query can be used to implement various kinds of
deployment. A <span class="emphasis"><em>source deployment</em></span> is obtained
by distributing the closure of a store derivation. A
<span class="emphasis"><em>binary deployment</em></span> is obtained by distributing
the closure of an output path. A <span class="emphasis"><em>cache
deployment</em></span> (combined source/binary deployment,
including binaries of build-time-only dependencies) is obtained by
distributing the closure of a store derivation and specifying the
option <code class="option">--include-outputs</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--references</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the set of <a class="link" href="#gloss-reference" title="reference">references</a> of the store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>, that is, their immediate
dependencies. (For <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> dependencies, use
<code class="option">--requisites</code>.)</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--referrers</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the set of <span class="emphasis"><em>referrers</em></span> of
the store paths <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>, that is, the
store paths currently existing in the Nix store that refer to one
of <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>. Note that contrary to the
references, the set of referrers is not constant; it can change as
store paths are added or removed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--referrers-closure</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the closure of the set of store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> under the referrers relation; that
is, all store paths that directly or indirectly refer to one of
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>. These are all the path currently
in the Nix store that are dependent on
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--deriver</code>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-d</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the <a class="link" href="#gloss-deriver" title="deriver">deriver</a> of the store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>. If the path has no deriver
(e.g., if it is a source file), or if the deriver is not known
(e.g., in the case of a binary-only deployment), the string
<code class="literal">unknown-deriver</code> is printed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--graph</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the references graph of the store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> in the format of the
<span class="command"><strong>dot</strong></span> tool of AT&amp;T's <a class="link" href="http://www.graphviz.org/" target="_top">Graphviz package</a>.
This can be used to visualise dependency graphs. To obtain a
build-time dependency graph, apply this to a store derivation. To
obtain a runtime dependency graph, apply it to an output
path.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--tree</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the references graph of the store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> as a nested ASCII tree.
References are ordered by descending closure size; this tends to
flatten the tree, making it more readable. The query only
recurses into a store path when it is first encountered; this
prevents a blowup of the tree representation of the
graph.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--graphml</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the references graph of the store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> in the <a class="link" href="http://graphml.graphdrawing.org/" target="_top">GraphML</a> file format.
This can be used to visualise dependency graphs. To obtain a
build-time dependency graph, apply this to a store derivation. To
obtain a runtime dependency graph, apply it to an output
path.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--binding</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">-b</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the value of the attribute
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> (i.e., environment variable) of
the store derivations <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>. It is an
error for a derivation to not have the specified
attribute.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--hash</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the SHA-256 hash of the contents of the
store paths <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> (that is, the hash of
the output of <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --dump</strong></span> on the given
paths). Since the hash is stored in the Nix database, this is a
fast operation.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--size</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the size in bytes of the contents of the
store paths <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> — to be precise, the
size of the output of <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --dump</strong></span> on the
given paths. Note that the actual disk space required by the
store paths may be higher, especially on filesystems with large
cluster sizes.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--roots</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the garbage collector roots that point,
directly or indirectly, at the store paths
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299531008"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>Print the closure (runtime dependencies) of the
<span class="command"><strong>svn</strong></span> program in the current user environment:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -qR $(which svn)
/nix/store/5mbglq5ldqld8sj57273aljwkfvj22mc-subversion-1.1.4
/nix/store/9lz9yc6zgmc0vlqmn2ipcpkjlmbi51vv-glibc-2.3.4
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
</p><p>Print the build-time dependencies of <span class="command"><strong>svn</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -qR $(nix-store -qd $(which svn))
/nix/store/02iizgn86m42q905rddvg4ja975bk2i4-grep-2.5.1.tar.bz2.drv
/nix/store/07a2bzxmzwz5hp58nf03pahrv2ygwgs3-gcc-wrapper.sh
/nix/store/0ma7c9wsbaxahwwl04gbw3fcd806ski4-glibc-2.3.4.drv
<em class="replaceable"><code>... lots of other paths ...</code></em></pre><p>
The difference with the previous example is that we ask the closure of
the derivation (<code class="option">-qd</code>), not the closure of the output
path that contains <span class="command"><strong>svn</strong></span>.</p><p>Show the build-time dependencies as a tree:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -q --tree $(nix-store -qd $(which svn))
/nix/store/7i5082kfb6yjbqdbiwdhhza0am2xvh6c-subversion-1.1.4.drv
+---/nix/store/d8afh10z72n8l1cr5w42366abiblgn54-builder.sh
+---/nix/store/fmzxmpjx2lh849ph0l36snfj9zdibw67-bash-3.0.drv
| +---/nix/store/570hmhmx3v57605cqg9yfvvyh0nnb8k8-bash
| +---/nix/store/p3srsbd8dx44v2pg6nbnszab5mcwx03v-builder.sh
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
</p><p>Show all paths that depend on the same OpenSSL library as
<span class="command"><strong>svn</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -q --referrers $(nix-store -q --binding openssl $(nix-store -qd $(which svn)))
/nix/store/23ny9l9wixx21632y2wi4p585qhva1q8-sylpheed-1.0.0
/nix/store/5mbglq5ldqld8sj57273aljwkfvj22mc-subversion-1.1.4
/nix/store/dpmvp969yhdqs7lm2r1a3gng7pyq6vy4-subversion-1.1.3
/nix/store/l51240xqsgg8a7yrbqdx1rfzyv6l26fx-lynx-2.8.5</pre><p>
</p><p>Show all paths that directly or indirectly depend on the Glibc
(C library) used by <span class="command"><strong>svn</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -q --referrers-closure $(ldd $(which svn) | grep /libc.so | awk '{print $3}')
/nix/store/034a6h4vpz9kds5r6kzb9lhh81mscw43-libgnomeprintui-2.8.2
/nix/store/15l3yi0d45prm7a82pcrknxdh6nzmxza-gawk-3.1.4
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
Note that <span class="command"><strong>ldd</strong></span> is a command that prints out the
dynamic libraries used by an ELF executable.</p><p>Make a picture of the runtime dependency graph of the current
user environment:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -q --graph ~/.nix-profile | dot -Tps &gt; graph.ps
$ gv graph.ps</pre><p>
</p><p>Show every garbage collector root that points to a store path
that depends on <span class="command"><strong>svn</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -q --roots $(which svn)
/nix/var/nix/profiles/default-81-link
/nix/var/nix/profiles/default-82-link
/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/eelco/profile-97-link
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299516176"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--add</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299515344"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--add</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299511968"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--add</code> adds the specified paths to
the Nix store. It prints the resulting paths in the Nix store on
standard output.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299510336"></a><h3>Example</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --add ./foo.c
/nix/store/m7lrha58ph6rcnv109yzx1nk1cj7k7zf-foo.c</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299508688"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--add-fixed</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299507856"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> [<code class="option">--recursive</code>] <code class="option">--add-fixed</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299503120"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--add-fixed</code> adds the specified paths to
the Nix store. Unlike <code class="option">--add</code> paths are registered using the
specified hashing algorithm, resulting in the same output path as a fixed-output
derivation. This can be used for sources that are not available from a public
url or broke since the download expression was written.
</p><p>This operation has the following options:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--recursive</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Use recursive instead of flat hashing mode, used when adding directories
to the store.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299498592"></a><h3>Example</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --add-fixed sha256 ./hello-2.10.tar.gz
/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="refsec-nix-store-verify"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--verify</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299495712"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--verify</code> [<code class="option">--check-contents</code>] [<code class="option">--repair</code>]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299492208"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--verify</code> verifies the internal
consistency of the Nix database, and the consistency between the Nix
database and the Nix store. Any inconsistencies encountered are
automatically repaired. Inconsistencies are generally the result of
the Nix store or database being modified by non-Nix tools, or of bugs
in Nix itself.</p><p>This operation has the following options:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--check-contents</code></span></dt><dd><p>Checks that the contents of every valid store path
has not been altered by computing a SHA-256 hash of the contents
and comparing it with the hash stored in the Nix database at build
time. Paths that have been modified are printed out. For large
stores, <code class="option">--check-contents</code> is obviously quite
slow.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--repair</code></span></dt><dd><p>If any valid path is missing from the store, or
(if <code class="option">--check-contents</code> is given) the contents of a
valid path has been modified, then try to repair the path by
redownloading it. See <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --repair-path</strong></span>
for details.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299484592"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--verify-path</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299483760"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--verify-path</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299480256"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--verify-path</code> compares the
contents of the given store paths to their cryptographic hashes stored
in Nix’s database. For every changed path, it prints a warning
message. The exit status is 0 if no path has changed, and 1
otherwise.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299478288"></a><h3>Example</h3><p>To verify the integrity of the <span class="command"><strong>svn</strong></span> command and all its dependencies:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --verify-path $(nix-store -qR $(which svn))
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299475792"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--repair-path</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299474960"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--repair-path</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299471456"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--repair-path</code> attempts to
“repair” the specified paths by redownloading them using the available
substituters. If no substitutes are available, then repair is not
possible.</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>During repair, there is a very small time window during
which the old path (if it exists) is moved out of the way and replaced
with the new path. If repair is interrupted in between, then the
system may be left in a broken state (e.g., if the path contains a
critical system component like the GNU C Library).</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299468768"></a><h3>Example</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --verify-path /nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13
path `/nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13' was modified!
expected hash `2db57715ae90b7e31ff1f2ecb8c12ec1cc43da920efcbe3b22763f36a1861588',
got `481c5aa5483ebc97c20457bb8bca24deea56550d3985cda0027f67fe54b808e4'
$ nix-store --repair-path /nix/store/dj7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13
fetching path `/nix/store/d7a81wsm1ijwwpkks3725661h3263p5-glibc-2.13'...
…
</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="refsec-nix-store-dump"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--dump</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299465056"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--dump</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299461824"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--dump</code> produces a NAR (Nix
ARchive) file containing the contents of the file system tree rooted
at <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>. The archive is written to
standard output.</p><p>A NAR archive is like a TAR or Zip archive, but it contains only
the information that Nix considers important. For instance,
timestamps are elided because all files in the Nix store have their
timestamp set to 0 anyway. Likewise, all permissions are left out
except for the execute bit, because all files in the Nix store have
444 or 555 permission.</p><p>Also, a NAR archive is <span class="emphasis"><em>canonical</em></span>, meaning
that “equal” paths always produce the same NAR archive. For instance,
directory entries are always sorted so that the actual on-disk order
doesn’t influence the result. This means that the cryptographic hash
of a NAR dump of a path is usable as a fingerprint of the contents of
the path. Indeed, the hashes of store paths stored in Nix’s database
(see <a class="link" href="#refsec-nix-store-query" title="Operation --query"><code class="literal">nix-store -q
--hash</code></a>) are SHA-256 hashes of the NAR dump of each
store path.</p><p>NAR archives support filenames of unlimited length and 64-bit
file sizes. They can contain regular files, directories, and symbolic
links, but not other types of files (such as device nodes).</p><p>A Nix archive can be unpacked using <code class="literal">nix-store
--restore</code>.</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299454672"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--restore</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299453840"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--restore</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299450608"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--restore</code> unpacks a NAR archive
to <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>, which must not already exist. The
archive is read from standard input.</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="refsec-nix-store-export"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--export</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299446736"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--export</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299443232"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--export</code> writes a serialisation
of the specified store paths to standard output in a format that can
be imported into another Nix store with <span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="#refsec-nix-store-import" title="Operation --import">nix-store --import</a></strong></span>. This
is like <span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="#refsec-nix-store-dump" title="Operation --dump">nix-store
--dump</a></strong></span>, except that the NAR archive produced by that command
doesn’t contain the necessary meta-information to allow it to be
imported into another Nix store (namely, the set of references of the
path).</p><p>This command does not produce a <span class="emphasis"><em>closure</em></span> of
the specified paths, so if a store path references other store paths
that are missing in the target Nix store, the import will fail. To
copy a whole closure, do something like:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --export $(nix-store -qR <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>) &gt; out</pre><p>
To import the whole closure again, run:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --import &lt; out</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="refsec-nix-store-import"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--import</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299435520"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--import</code> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299433104"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--import</code> reads a serialisation of
a set of store paths produced by <span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="#refsec-nix-store-export" title="Operation --export">nix-store --export</a></strong></span> from
standard input and adds those store paths to the Nix store. Paths
that already exist in the Nix store are ignored. If a path refers to
another path that doesn’t exist in the Nix store, the import
fails.</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299429888"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--optimise</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299429056"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--optimise</code> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299426640"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--optimise</code> reduces Nix store disk
space usage by finding identical files in the store and hard-linking
them to each other. It typically reduces the size of the store by
something like 25-35%. Only regular files and symlinks are
hard-linked in this manner. Files are considered identical when they
have the same NAR archive serialisation: that is, regular files must
have the same contents and permission (executable or non-executable),
and symlinks must have the same contents.</p><p>After completion, or when the command is interrupted, a report
on the achieved savings is printed on standard error.</p><p>Use <code class="option">-vv</code> or <code class="option">-vvv</code> to get some
progress indication.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299423328"></a><h3>Example</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --optimise
hashing files in `/nix/store/qhqx7l2f1kmwihc9bnxs7rc159hsxnf3-gcc-4.1.1'
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
541838819 bytes (516.74 MiB) freed by hard-linking 54143 files;
there are 114486 files with equal contents out of 215894 files in total
</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299421120"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--read-log</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299420288"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> { <code class="option">--read-log</code> | <code class="option">-l</code> } <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299415376"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--read-log</code> prints the build log
of the specified store paths on standard output. The build log is
whatever the builder of a derivation wrote to standard output and
standard error. If a store path is not a derivation, the deriver of
the store path is used.</p><p>Build logs are kept in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/log/nix/drvs</code>. However, there is no
guarantee that a build log is available for any particular store path.
For instance, if the path was downloaded as a pre-built binary through
a substitute, then the log is unavailable.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299412560"></a><h3>Example</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -l $(which ktorrent)
building /nix/store/dhc73pvzpnzxhdgpimsd9sw39di66ph1-ktorrent-2.2.1
unpacking sources
unpacking source archive /nix/store/p8n1jpqs27mgkjw07pb5269717nzf5f8-ktorrent-2.2.1.tar.gz
ktorrent-2.2.1/
ktorrent-2.2.1/NEWS
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299410368"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--dump-db</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299409536"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--dump-db</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>...]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299406304"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--dump-db</code> writes a dump of the
Nix database to standard output. It can be loaded into an empty Nix
store using <code class="option">--load-db</code>. This is useful for making
backups and when migrating to different database schemas.</p><p>By default, <code class="option">--dump-db</code> will dump the entire Nix
database. When one or more store paths is passed, only the subset of
the Nix database for those store paths is dumped. As with
<code class="option">--export</code>, the user is responsible for passing all the
store paths for a closure. See <code class="option">--export</code> for an
example.</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299401712"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--load-db</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299400880"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--load-db</code> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299398464"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--load-db</code> reads a dump of the Nix
database created by <code class="option">--dump-db</code> from standard input and
loads it into the Nix database.</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299395904"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--print-env</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299395072"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code> <code class="option">--print-env</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>drvpath</code></em> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299391840"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>The operation <code class="option">--print-env</code> prints out the
environment of a derivation in a format that can be evaluated by a
shell. The command line arguments of the builder are placed in the
variable <code class="envar">_args</code>.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299389744"></a><h3>Example</h3><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --print-env $(nix-instantiate '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A firefox)
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
export src; src='/nix/store/plpj7qrwcz94z2psh6fchsi7s8yihc7k-firefox-12.0.source.tar.bz2'
export stdenv; stdenv='/nix/store/7c8asx3yfrg5dg1gzhzyq2236zfgibnn-stdenv'
export system; system='x86_64-linux'
export _args; _args='-e /nix/store/9krlzvny65gdc8s7kpb6lkx8cd02c25c-default-builder.sh'
</pre></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="rsec-nix-store-generate-binary-cache-key"></a><h2>Operation <code class="option">--generate-binary-cache-key</code></h2><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299386016"></a><h3>Synopsis</h3><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-store</code>
<code class="option">--generate-binary-cache-key</code>
<code class="option">key-name</code>
<code class="option">secret-key-file</code>
<code class="option">public-key-file</code>
</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299382080"></a><h3>Description</h3><p>This command generates an <a class="link" href="http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/" target="_top">Ed25519 key pair</a> that can
be used to create a signed binary cache. It takes three mandatory
parameters:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>A key name, such as
<code class="literal">cache.example.org-1</code>, that is used to look up keys
on the client when it verifies signatures. It can be anything, but
it’s suggested to use the host name of your cache
(e.g. <code class="literal">cache.example.org</code>) with a suffix denoting
the number of the key (to be incremented every time you need to
revoke a key).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The file name where the secret key is to be
stored.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The file name where the public key is to be
stored.</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-utilities"></a>Chapter 23. Utilities</h2></div></div></div><p>This section lists utilities that you can use when you
work with Nix.</p><div class="refentry"><a id="sec-nix-channel"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-channel — manage Nix channels</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-channel</code> { <code class="option">--add</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>] | <code class="option">--remove</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> | <code class="option">--list</code> | <code class="option">--update</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>names</code></em>...] | <code class="option">--rollback</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>generation</code></em>] }</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299360672"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>A Nix channel is a mechanism that allows you to automatically
stay up-to-date with a set of pre-built Nix expressions. A Nix
channel is just a URL that points to a place containing a set of Nix
expressions. <span class="phrase">See also <a class="xref" href="#sec-channels" title="Chapter 12. Channels">Chapter 12, <em>Channels</em></a>.</span></p><p>To see the list of official NixOS channels, visit <a class="link" href="https://nixos.org/channels" target="_top">https://nixos.org/channels</a>.</p><p>This command has the following operations:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--add</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>]</span></dt><dd><p>Adds a channel named
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> with URL
<em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em> to the list of subscribed channels.
If <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> is omitted, it defaults to the
last component of <em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em>, with the
suffixes <code class="literal">-stable</code> or
<code class="literal">-unstable</code> removed.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--remove</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Removes the channel named
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> from the list of subscribed
channels.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--list</code></span></dt><dd><p>Prints the names and URLs of all subscribed
channels on standard output.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--update</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>names</code></em>…]</span></dt><dd><p>Downloads the Nix expressions of all subscribed
channels (or only those included in
<em class="replaceable"><code>names</code></em> if specified) and makes them the
default for <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> operations (by symlinking
them from the directory
<code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--rollback</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>generation</code></em>]</span></dt><dd><p>Reverts the previous call to <span class="command"><strong>nix-channel
--update</strong></span>. Optionally, you can specify a specific channel
generation number to restore.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p><p>Note that <code class="option">--add</code> does not automatically perform
an update.</p><p>The list of subscribed channels is stored in
<code class="filename">~/.nix-channels</code>.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299340240"></a><h2>Examples</h2><p>To subscribe to the Nixpkgs channel and install the GNU Hello package:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable
$ nix-channel --update
$ nix-env -iA nixpkgs.hello</pre><p>You can revert channel updates using <code class="option">--rollback</code>:</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '(import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {}).lib.version'
"14.04.527.0e935f1"
$ nix-channel --rollback
switching from generation 483 to 482
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '(import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {}).lib.version'
"14.04.526.dbadfad"
</pre></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299336912"></a><h2>Files</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em>/channels</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-channel</strong></span> uses a
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> profile to keep track of previous
versions of the subscribed channels. Every time you run
<span class="command"><strong>nix-channel --update</strong></span>, a new channel generation
(that is, a symlink to the channel Nix expressions in the Nix store)
is created. This enables <span class="command"><strong>nix-channel --rollback</strong></span>
to revert to previous versions.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr/channels</code></span></dt><dd><p>This is a symlink to
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em>/channels</code>. It
ensures that <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> can find your channels. In
a multi-user installation, you may also have
<code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr/channels_root</code>, which links to
the channels of the root user.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299328928"></a><h2>Channel format</h2><p>A channel URL should point to a directory containing the
following files:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">nixexprs.tar.xz</code></span></dt><dd><p>A tarball containing Nix expressions and files
referenced by them (such as build scripts and patches). At the
top level, the tarball should contain a single directory. That
directory must contain a file <code class="filename">default.nix</code>
that serves as the channel’s “entry point”.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-collect-garbage"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-collect-garbage — delete unreachable store paths</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-collect-garbage</code> [<code class="option">--delete-old</code>] [<code class="option">-d</code>] [<code class="option">--delete-older-than</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>period</code></em>] [<code class="option">--max-freed</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>bytes</code></em>] [<code class="option">--dry-run</code>]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299315776"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-collect-garbage</strong></span> is mostly an
alias of <a class="link" href="#rsec-nix-store-gc" title="Operation --gc"><span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--gc</strong></span></a>, that is, it deletes all unreachable paths in
the Nix store to clean up your system. However, it provides two
additional options: <code class="option">-d</code> (<code class="option">--delete-old</code>),
which deletes all old generations of all profiles in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles</code> by invoking
<code class="literal">nix-env --delete-generations old</code> on all profiles
(of course, this makes rollbacks to previous configurations
impossible); and
<code class="option">--delete-older-than</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>period</code></em>,
where period is a value such as <code class="literal">30d</code>, which deletes
all generations older than the specified number of days in all profiles
in <code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles</code> (except for the generations
that were active at that point in time).
</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299309536"></a><h2>Example</h2><p>To delete from the Nix store everything that is not used by the
current generations of each profile, do
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-collect-garbage -d</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-copy-closure"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-copy-closure — copy a closure to or from a remote machine via SSH</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-copy-closure</code> [ <code class="option">--to</code> | <code class="option">--from</code> ] [<code class="option">--gzip</code>] [<code class="option">--include-outputs</code>] [ <code class="option">--use-substitutes</code> | <code class="option">-s</code> ] [<code class="option">-v</code>]
<em class="replaceable"><code>user@</code></em><em class="replaceable"><code>machine</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299294048"></a><h2>Description</h2><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> gives you an easy and
efficient way to exchange software between machines. Given one or
more Nix store <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> on the local
machine, <span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> computes the closure of
those paths (i.e. all their dependencies in the Nix store), and copies
all paths in the closure to the remote machine via the
<span class="command"><strong>ssh</strong></span> (Secure Shell) command. With the
<code class="option">--from</code>, the direction is reversed:
the closure of <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> on a remote machine is
copied to the Nix store on the local machine.</p><p>This command is efficient because it only sends the store paths
that are missing on the target machine.</p><p>Since <span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> calls
<span class="command"><strong>ssh</strong></span>, you may be asked to type in the appropriate
password or passphrase. In fact, you may be asked
<span class="emphasis"><em>twice</em></span> because <span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span>
currently connects twice to the remote machine, first to get the set
of paths missing on the target machine, and second to send the dump of
those paths. If this bothers you, use
<span class="command"><strong>ssh-agent</strong></span>.</p><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299286896"></a><h3>Options</h3><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--to</code></span></dt><dd><p>Copy the closure of
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> from the local Nix store to the
Nix store on <em class="replaceable"><code>machine</code></em>. This is the
default.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--from</code></span></dt><dd><p>Copy the closure of
<em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em> from the Nix store on
<em class="replaceable"><code>machine</code></em> to the local Nix
store.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--gzip</code></span></dt><dd><p>Enable compression of the SSH
connection.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--include-outputs</code></span></dt><dd><p>Also copy the outputs of store derivations
included in the closure.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--use-substitutes</code> / <code class="option">-s</code></span></dt><dd><p>Attempt to download missing paths on the target
machine using Nix’s substitute mechanism. Any paths that cannot
be substituted on the target are still copied normally from the
source. This is useful, for instance, if the connection between
the source and target machine is slow, but the connection between
the target machine and <code class="literal">nixos.org</code> (the default
binary cache server) is fast.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-v</code></span></dt><dd><p>Show verbose output.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299274272"></a><h3>Environment variables</h3><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">NIX_SSHOPTS</code></span></dt><dd><p>Additional options to be passed to
<span class="command"><strong>ssh</strong></span> on the command line.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299271440"></a><h3>Examples</h3><p>Copy Firefox with all its dependencies to a remote machine:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-copy-closure --to alice@itchy.labs $(type -tP firefox)</pre><p>
</p><p>Copy Subversion from a remote machine and then install it into a
user environment:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-copy-closure --from alice@itchy.labs \
/nix/store/0dj0503hjxy5mbwlafv1rsbdiyx1gkdy-subversion-1.4.4
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/0dj0503hjxy5mbwlafv1rsbdiyx1gkdy-subversion-1.4.4
</pre><p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-daemon"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-daemon — Nix multi-user support daemon</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-daemon</code> </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299262736"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The Nix daemon is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. It
performs build actions and other operations on the Nix store on behalf
of unprivileged users.</p></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-hash"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-hash — compute the cryptographic hash of a path</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-hash</code> [<code class="option">--flat</code>] [<code class="option">--base32</code>] [<code class="option">--truncate</code>] [<code class="option">--type</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>hashAlgo</code></em>] <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>... </p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-hash</code> <code class="option">--to-base16</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em>... </p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-hash</code> <code class="option">--to-base32</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299246496"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-hash</strong></span> computes the
cryptographic hash of the contents of each
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> and prints it on standard output. By
default, it computes an MD5 hash, but other hash algorithms are
available as well. The hash is printed in hexadecimal. To generate
the same hash as <span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span> you have to
specify multiple arguments, see below for an example.</p><p>The hash is computed over a <span class="emphasis"><em>serialisation</em></span>
of each path: a dump of the file system tree rooted at the path. This
allows directories and symlinks to be hashed as well as regular files.
The dump is in the <span class="emphasis"><em>NAR format</em></span> produced by <a class="link" href="#refsec-nix-store-dump" title="Operation --dump"><span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span>
<code class="option">--dump</code></a>. Thus, <code class="literal">nix-hash
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code> yields the same
cryptographic hash as <code class="literal">nix-store --dump
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> | md5sum</code>.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299239440"></a><h2>Options</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--flat</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the cryptographic hash of the contents of
each regular file <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>. That is, do
not compute the hash over the dump of
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>. The result is identical to that
produced by the GNU commands <span class="command"><strong>md5sum</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>sha1sum</strong></span>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--base32</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the hash in a base-32 representation rather
than hexadecimal. This base-32 representation is more compact and
can be used in Nix expressions (such as in calls to
<code class="function">fetchurl</code>).</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--truncate</code></span></dt><dd><p>Truncate hashes longer than 160 bits (such as
SHA-256) to 160 bits.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--type</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>hashAlgo</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm,
which can be one of <code class="literal">md5</code>,
<code class="literal">sha1</code>, and
<code class="literal">sha256</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--to-base16</code></span></dt><dd><p>Don’t hash anything, but convert the base-32 hash
representation <em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em> to
hexadecimal.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--to-base32</code></span></dt><dd><p>Don’t hash anything, but convert the hexadecimal
hash representation <em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em> to
base-32.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299224832"></a><h2>Examples</h2><p>Computing the same hash as <span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-prefetch-url file://&lt;(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat --base32 &lt;(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj
</pre><p>
</p><p>Computing hashes:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ mkdir test
$ echo "hello" &gt; test/world
$ nix-hash test/ <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(MD5 hash; default)</span></em>
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04
$ nix-store --dump test/ | md5sum <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(for comparison)</span></em>
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04 -
$ nix-hash --type sha1 test/
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --base32 test/
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/
error: reading file `test/': Is a directory
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/world
5891b5b522d5df086d0ff0b110fbd9d21bb4fc7163af34d08286a2e846f6be03</pre><p>
</p><p>Converting between hexadecimal and base-32:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base32 e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base16 nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-instantiate"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-instantiate — instantiate store derivations from Nix expressions</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-instantiate</code> [ <code class="option">--parse</code> |
<code class="option">--eval</code>
[<code class="option">--strict</code>]
[<code class="option">--json</code>]
[<code class="option">--xml</code>]
] [<code class="option">--read-write-mode</code>] [<code class="option">--arg</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>] [
{ <code class="option">--attr</code> | <code class="option">-A</code> }
<em class="replaceable"><code>attrPath</code></em>
] [<code class="option">--add-root</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>] [<code class="option">--indirect</code>] [ <code class="option">--expr</code> | <code class="option">-E</code> ] <em class="replaceable"><code>files</code></em>... </p></div><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-instantiate</code> <code class="option">--find-file</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>files</code></em>... </p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299196816"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span> generates <a class="link" href="#gloss-derivation" title="derivation">store derivations</a> from (high-level)
Nix expressions. It evaluates the Nix expressions in each of
<em class="replaceable"><code>files</code></em> (which defaults to
<em class="replaceable"><code>./default.nix</code></em>). Each top-level expression
should evaluate to a derivation, a list of derivations, or a set of
derivations. The paths of the resulting store derivations are printed
on standard output.</p><p>If <em class="replaceable"><code>files</code></em> is the character
<code class="literal">-</code>, then a Nix expression will be read from standard
input.</p><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#sec-common-options" title="Chapter 20. Common Options">Chapter 20, <em>Common Options</em></a> for a list of common options.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299190864"></a><h2>Options</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--add-root</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>, </span><span class="term"><code class="option">--indirect</code></span></dt><dd><p>See the <a class="link" href="#opt-add-root">corresponding
options</a> in <span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--parse</code></span></dt><dd><p>Just parse the input files, and print their
abstract syntax trees on standard output in ATerm
format.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--eval</code></span></dt><dd><p>Just parse and evaluate the input files, and print
the resulting values on standard output. No instantiation of
store derivations takes place.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--find-file</code></span></dt><dd><p>Look up the given files in Nix’s search path (as
specified by the <code class="envar"><a class="envar" href="#env-NIX_PATH">NIX_PATH</a></code>
environment variable). If found, print the corresponding absolute
paths on standard output. For instance, if
<code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code> is
<code class="literal">nixpkgs=/home/alice/nixpkgs</code>, then
<code class="literal">nix-instantiate --find-file nixpkgs/default.nix</code>
will print
<code class="literal">/home/alice/nixpkgs/default.nix</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--strict</code></span></dt><dd><p>When used with <code class="option">--eval</code>,
recursively evaluate list elements and attributes. Normally, such
sub-expressions are left unevaluated (since the Nix expression
language is lazy).</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>This option can cause non-termination, because lazy
data structures can be infinitely large.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--json</code></span></dt><dd><p>When used with <code class="option">--eval</code>, print the resulting
value as an JSON representation of the abstract syntax tree rather
than as an ATerm.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--xml</code></span></dt><dd><p>When used with <code class="option">--eval</code>, print the resulting
value as an XML representation of the abstract syntax tree rather than as
an ATerm. The schema is the same as that used by the <a class="link" href="#builtin-toXML"><code class="function">toXML</code> built-in</a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--read-write-mode</code></span></dt><dd><p>When used with <code class="option">--eval</code>, perform
evaluation in read/write mode so nix language features that
require it will still work (at the cost of needing to do
instantiation of every evaluated derivation). If this option is
not enabled, there may be uninstantiated store paths in the final
output.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299169472"></a><h2>Examples</h2><p>Instantiating store derivations from a Nix expression, and
building them using <span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate test.nix <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(instantiate)</span></em>
/nix/store/cigxbmvy6dzix98dxxh9b6shg7ar5bvs-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26.drv
$ nix-store -r $(nix-instantiate test.nix) <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(build)</span></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
/nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26 <em class="lineannotation"><span class="lineannotation">(output path)</span></em>
$ ls -l /nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26
dr-xr-xr-x 2 eelco users 4096 1970-01-01 01:00 lib
...</pre><p>
</p><p>You can also give a Nix expression on the command line:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate -E 'with import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; { }; hello'
/nix/store/j8s4zyv75a724q38cb0r87rlczaiag4y-hello-2.8.drv
</pre><p>
This is equivalent to:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A hello
</pre><p>
</p><p>Parsing and evaluating Nix expressions:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate --parse -E '1 + 2'
1 + 2
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '1 + 2'
3
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml -E '1 + 2'
&lt;?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?&gt;
&lt;expr&gt;
&lt;int value="3" /&gt;
&lt;/expr&gt;</pre><p>
</p><p>The difference between non-strict and strict evaluation:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml -E 'rec { x = "foo"; y = x; }'
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
&lt;attr name="x"&gt;
&lt;string value="foo" /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
&lt;attr name="y"&gt;
&lt;unevaluated /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
Note that <code class="varname">y</code> is left unevaluated (the XML
representation doesn’t attempt to show non-normal forms).
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml --strict -E 'rec { x = "foo"; y = x; }'
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>
&lt;attr name="x"&gt;
&lt;string value="foo" /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
&lt;attr name="y"&gt;
&lt;string value="foo" /&gt;
&lt;/attr&gt;
<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="refentry"><div class="refentry.separator"><hr /></div><a id="sec-nix-prefetch-url"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix-prefetch-url — copy a file from a URL into the store and print its hash</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nix-prefetch-url</code> [<code class="option">--version</code>] [<code class="option">--type</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>hashAlgo</code></em>] [<code class="option">--print-path</code>] [<code class="option">--unpack</code>] [<code class="option">--name</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>] <em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em>]</p></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299148080"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span> downloads the
file referenced by the URL <em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em>, prints its
cryptographic hash, and copies it into the Nix store. The file name
in the store is
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em>-<em class="replaceable"><code>baseName</code></em></code>,
where <em class="replaceable"><code>baseName</code></em> is everything following the
final slash in <em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em>.</p><p>This command is just a convenience for Nix expression writers.
Often a Nix expression fetches some source distribution from the
network using the <code class="literal">fetchurl</code> expression contained in
Nixpkgs. However, <code class="literal">fetchurl</code> requires a
cryptographic hash. If you don't know the hash, you would have to
download the file first, and then <code class="literal">fetchurl</code> would
download it again when you build your Nix expression. Since
<code class="literal">fetchurl</code> uses the same name for the downloaded file
as <span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span>, the redundant download can be
avoided.</p><p>If <em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em> is specified, then a download
is not performed if the Nix store already contains a file with the
same hash and base name. Otherwise, the file is downloaded, and an
error is signaled if the actual hash of the file does not match the
specified hash.</p><p>This command prints the hash on standard output. Additionally,
if the option <code class="option">--print-path</code> is used, the path of the
downloaded file in the Nix store is also printed.</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299139072"></a><h2>Options</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--type</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>hashAlgo</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm,
which can be one of <code class="literal">md5</code>,
<code class="literal">sha1</code>, and
<code class="literal">sha256</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--print-path</code></span></dt><dd><p>Print the store path of the downloaded file on
standard output.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--unpack</code></span></dt><dd><p>Unpack the archive (which must be a tarball or zip
file) and add the result to the Nix store. The resulting hash can
be used with functions such as Nixpkgs’s
<code class="varname">fetchzip</code> or
<code class="varname">fetchFromGitHub</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--name</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>Override the name of the file in the Nix store. By
default, this is
<code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em>-<em class="replaceable"><code>basename</code></em></code>,
where <em class="replaceable"><code>basename</code></em> is the last component of
<em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em>. Overriding the name is necessary
when <em class="replaceable"><code>basename</code></em> contains characters that
are not allowed in Nix store paths.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299126752"></a><h2>Examples</h2><pre class="screen">
$ nix-prefetch-url ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
$ nix-prefetch-url --print-path mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz
$ nix-prefetch-url --unpack --print-path https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/0.8.tar.gz
079agjlv0hrv7fxnx9ngipx14gyncbkllxrp9cccnh3a50fxcmy7
/nix/store/19zrmhm3m40xxaw81c8cqm6aljgrnwj2-0.8.tar.gz
</pre></div></div></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="ch-files"></a>Chapter 24. Files</h2></div></div></div><p>This section lists configuration files that you can use when you
work with Nix.</p><div class="refentry"><a id="sec-conf-file"></a><div class="titlepage"></div><div class="refnamediv"><h2>Name</h2><p>nix.conf — Nix configuration file</p></div><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733299118992"></a><h2>Description</h2><p>By default Nix reads settings from the following places:</p><p>The system-wide configuration file
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>sysconfdir</code></em>/nix/nix.conf</code>
(i.e. <code class="filename">/etc/nix/nix.conf</code> on most systems), or
<code class="filename">$NIX_CONF_DIR/nix.conf</code> if
<code class="envar">NIX_CONF_DIR</code> is set. Values loaded in this file are not forwarded to the Nix daemon. The
client assumes that the daemon has already loaded them.
</p><p>User-specific configuration files:</p><p>
If <code class="envar">NIX_USER_CONF_FILES</code> is set, then each path separated by
<code class="literal">:</code> will be loaded in reverse order.
</p><p>
Otherwise it will look for <code class="filename">nix/nix.conf</code> files in
<code class="envar">XDG_CONFIG_DIRS</code> and <code class="envar">XDG_CONFIG_HOME</code>.
The default location is <code class="filename">$HOME/.config/nix.conf</code> if
those environment variables are unset.
</p><p>The configuration files consist of
<code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> =
<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em></code> pairs, one per line. Other
files can be included with a line like <code class="literal">include
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code>, where
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> is interpreted relative to the current
conf file and a missing file is an error unless
<code class="literal">!include</code> is used instead.
Comments start with a <code class="literal">#</code> character. Here is an
example configuration file:</p><pre class="programlisting">
keep-outputs = true # Nice for developers
keep-derivations = true # Idem
</pre><p>You can override settings on the command line using the
<code class="option">--option</code> flag, e.g. <code class="literal">--option keep-outputs
false</code>.</p><p>The following settings are currently available:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><a id="conf-allowed-uris"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">allowed-uris</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of URI prefixes to which access is allowed in
restricted evaluation mode. For example, when set to
<code class="literal">https://github.com/NixOS</code>, builtin functions
such as <code class="function">fetchGit</code> are allowed to access
<code class="literal">https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf.git</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-allow-import-from-derivation"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">allow-import-from-derivation</code></span></dt><dd><p>By default, Nix allows you to <code class="function">import</code> from a derivation,
allowing building at evaluation time. With this option set to false, Nix will throw an error
when evaluating an expression that uses this feature, allowing users to ensure their evaluation
will not require any builds to take place.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-allow-new-privileges"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">allow-new-privileges</code></span></dt><dd><p>(Linux-specific.) By default, builders on Linux
cannot acquire new privileges by calling setuid/setgid programs or
programs that have file capabilities. For example, programs such
as <span class="command"><strong>sudo</strong></span> or <span class="command"><strong>ping</strong></span> will
fail. (Note that in sandbox builds, no such programs are available
unless you bind-mount them into the sandbox via the
<code class="option">sandbox-paths</code> option.) You can allow the
use of such programs by enabling this option. This is impure and
usually undesirable, but may be useful in certain scenarios
(e.g. to spin up containers or set up userspace network interfaces
in tests).</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-allowed-users"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">allowed-users</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of names of users (separated by whitespace) that
are allowed to connect to the Nix daemon. As with the
<code class="option">trusted-users</code> option, you can specify groups by
prefixing them with <code class="literal">@</code>. Also, you can allow
all users by specifying <code class="literal">*</code>. The default is
<code class="literal">*</code>.</p><p>Note that trusted users are always allowed to connect.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-auto-optimise-store"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">auto-optimise-store</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code>, Nix
automatically detects files in the store that have identical
contents, and replaces them with hard links to a single copy.
This saves disk space. If set to <code class="literal">false</code> (the
default), you can still run <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--optimise</strong></span> to get rid of duplicate
files.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-builders"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">builders</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of machines on which to perform builds. <span class="phrase">See <a class="xref" href="#chap-distributed-builds" title="Chapter 16. Remote Builds">Chapter 16, <em>Remote Builds</em></a> for details.</span></p></dd><dt><a id="conf-builders-use-substitutes"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">builders-use-substitutes</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code>, Nix will instruct
remote build machines to use their own binary substitutes if available. In
practical terms, this means that remote hosts will fetch as many build
dependencies as possible from their own substitutes (e.g, from
<code class="literal">cache.nixos.org</code>), instead of waiting for this host to
upload them all. This can drastically reduce build times if the network
connection between this computer and the remote build host is slow. Defaults
to <code class="literal">false</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-users-group"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-users-group</code></span></dt><dd><p>This options specifies the Unix group containing
the Nix build user accounts. In multi-user Nix installations,
builds should not be performed by the Nix account since that would
allow users to arbitrarily modify the Nix store and database by
supplying specially crafted builders; and they cannot be performed
by the calling user since that would allow him/her to influence
the build result.</p><p>Therefore, if this option is non-empty and specifies a valid
group, builds will be performed under the user accounts that are a
member of the group specified here (as listed in
<code class="filename">/etc/group</code>). Those user accounts should not
be used for any other purpose!</p><p>Nix will never run two builds under the same user account at
the same time. This is to prevent an obvious security hole: a
malicious user writing a Nix expression that modifies the build
result of a legitimate Nix expression being built by another user.
Therefore it is good to have as many Nix build user accounts as
you can spare. (Remember: uids are cheap.)</p><p>The build users should have permission to create files in
the Nix store, but not delete them. Therefore,
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code> should be owned by the Nix
account, its group should be the group specified here, and its
mode should be <code class="literal">1775</code>.</p><p>If the build users group is empty, builds will be performed
under the uid of the Nix process (that is, the uid of the caller
if <code class="envar">NIX_REMOTE</code> is empty, the uid under which the Nix
daemon runs if <code class="envar">NIX_REMOTE</code> is
<code class="literal">daemon</code>). Obviously, this should not be used in
multi-user settings with untrusted users.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-compress-build-log"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">compress-build-log</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code> (the default),
build logs written to <code class="filename">/nix/var/log/nix/drvs</code>
will be compressed on the fly using bzip2. Otherwise, they will
not be compressed.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-connect-timeout"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">connect-timeout</code></span></dt><dd><p>The timeout (in seconds) for establishing connections in
the binary cache substituter. It corresponds to
<span class="command"><strong>curl</strong></span>’s <code class="option">--connect-timeout</code>
option.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-cores"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">cores</code></span></dt><dd><p>Sets the value of the
<code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code> environment variable in the
invocation of builders. Builders can use this variable at their
discretion to control the maximum amount of parallelism. For
instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation attribute
<code class="varname">enableParallelBuilding</code> is set to
<code class="literal">true</code>, the builder passes the
<code class="option">-j<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code> flag to GNU Make.
It can be overridden using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#opt-cores">--cores</a></code> command line switch and
defaults to <code class="literal">1</code>. The value <code class="literal">0</code>
means that the builder should use all available CPU cores in the
system.</p><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#chap-tuning-cores-and-jobs" title="Chapter 17. Tuning Cores and Jobs">Chapter 17, <em>Tuning Cores and Jobs</em></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-diff-hook"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">diff-hook</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Absolute path to an executable capable of diffing build results.
The hook executes if <a class="xref" href="#conf-run-diff-hook"><code class="literal">run-diff-hook</code></a> is
true, and the output of a build is known to not be the same.
This program is not executed to determine if two results are the
same.
</p><p>
The diff hook is executed by the same user and group who ran the
build. However, the diff hook does not have write access to the
store path just built.
</p><p>The diff hook program receives three parameters:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
A path to the previous build's results
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
A path to the current build's results
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The path to the build's derivation
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The path to the build's scratch directory. This directory
will exist only if the build was run with
<code class="option">--keep-failed</code>.
</p></li></ol></div><p>
The stderr and stdout output from the diff hook will not be
displayed to the user. Instead, it will print to the nix-daemon's
log.
</p><p>When using the Nix daemon, <code class="literal">diff-hook</code> must
be set in the <code class="filename">nix.conf</code> configuration file, and
cannot be passed at the command line.
</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-enforce-determinism"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">enforce-determinism</code></span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="xref" href="#conf-repeat"><code class="literal">repeat</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-extra-sandbox-paths"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">extra-sandbox-paths</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of additional paths appended to
<code class="option">sandbox-paths</code>. Useful if you want to extend
its default value.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-extra-platforms"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">extra-platforms</code></span></dt><dd><p>Platforms other than the native one which
this machine is capable of building for. This can be useful for
supporting additional architectures on compatible machines:
i686-linux can be built on x86_64-linux machines (and the default
for this setting reflects this); armv7 is backwards-compatible with
armv6 and armv5tel; some aarch64 machines can also natively run
32-bit ARM code; and qemu-user may be used to support non-native
platforms (though this may be slow and buggy). Most values for this
are not enabled by default because build systems will often
misdetect the target platform and generate incompatible code, so you
may wish to cross-check the results of using this option against
proper natively-built versions of your
derivations.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-extra-substituters"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">extra-substituters</code></span></dt><dd><p>Additional binary caches appended to those
specified in <code class="option">substituters</code>. When used by
unprivileged users, untrusted substituters (i.e. those not listed
in <code class="option">trusted-substituters</code>) are silently
ignored.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-fallback"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">fallback</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code>, Nix will fall
back to building from source if a binary substitute fails. This
is equivalent to the <code class="option">--fallback</code> flag. The
default is <code class="literal">false</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-fsync-metadata"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">fsync-metadata</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code>, changes to the
Nix store metadata (in <code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/db</code>) are
synchronously flushed to disk. This improves robustness in case
of system crashes, but reduces performance. The default is
<code class="literal">true</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-hashed-mirrors"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">hashed-mirrors</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of web servers used by
<code class="function">builtins.fetchurl</code> to obtain files by hash.
Given a hash type <em class="replaceable"><code>ht</code></em> and a base-16 hash
<em class="replaceable"><code>h</code></em>, Nix will try to download the file
from
<code class="literal">hashed-mirror/<em class="replaceable"><code>ht</code></em>/<em class="replaceable"><code>h</code></em></code>.
This allows files to be downloaded even if they have disappeared
from their original URI. For example, given the hashed mirror
<code class="literal">http://tarballs.example.com/</code>, when building the
derivation
</p><pre class="programlisting">
builtins.fetchurl {
url = "https://example.org/foo-1.2.3.tar.xz";
sha256 = "2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7ae";
}
</pre><p>
Nix will attempt to download this file from
<code class="literal">http://tarballs.example.com/sha256/2c26b46b68ffc68ff99b453c1d30413413422d706483bfa0f98a5e886266e7ae</code>
first. If it is not available there, if will try the original URI.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-http-connections"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">http-connections</code></span></dt><dd><p>The maximum number of parallel TCP connections
used to fetch files from binary caches and by other downloads. It
defaults to 25. 0 means no limit.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-keep-build-log"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">keep-build-log</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code> (the default),
Nix will write the build log of a derivation (i.e. the standard
output and error of its builder) to the directory
<code class="filename">/nix/var/log/nix/drvs</code>. The build log can be
retrieved using the command <span class="command"><strong>nix-store -l
<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></strong></span>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-keep-derivations"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">keep-derivations</code></span></dt><dd><p>If <code class="literal">true</code> (default), the garbage
collector will keep the derivations from which non-garbage store
paths were built. If <code class="literal">false</code>, they will be
deleted unless explicitly registered as a root (or reachable from
other roots).</p><p>Keeping derivation around is useful for querying and
traceability (e.g., it allows you to ask with what dependencies or
options a store path was built), so by default this option is on.
Turn it off to save a bit of disk space (or a lot if
<code class="literal">keep-outputs</code> is also turned on).</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-keep-env-derivations"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">keep-env-derivations</code></span></dt><dd><p>If <code class="literal">false</code> (default), derivations
are not stored in Nix user environments. That is, the derivations of
any build-time-only dependencies may be garbage-collected.</p><p>If <code class="literal">true</code>, when you add a Nix derivation to
a user environment, the path of the derivation is stored in the
user environment. Thus, the derivation will not be
garbage-collected until the user environment generation is deleted
(<span class="command"><strong>nix-env --delete-generations</strong></span>). To prevent
build-time-only dependencies from being collected, you should also
turn on <code class="literal">keep-outputs</code>.</p><p>The difference between this option and
<code class="literal">keep-derivations</code> is that this one is
“sticky”: it applies to any user environment created while this
option was enabled, while <code class="literal">keep-derivations</code>
only applies at the moment the garbage collector is
run.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-keep-outputs"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">keep-outputs</code></span></dt><dd><p>If <code class="literal">true</code>, the garbage collector
will keep the outputs of non-garbage derivations. If
<code class="literal">false</code> (default), outputs will be deleted unless
they are GC roots themselves (or reachable from other roots).</p><p>In general, outputs must be registered as roots separately.
However, even if the output of a derivation is registered as a
root, the collector will still delete store paths that are used
only at build time (e.g., the C compiler, or source tarballs
downloaded from the network). To prevent it from doing so, set
this option to <code class="literal">true</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-max-build-log-size"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">max-build-log-size</code></span></dt><dd><p>This option defines the maximum number of bytes that a
builder can write to its stdout/stderr. If the builder exceeds
this limit, it’s killed. A value of <code class="literal">0</code> (the
default) means that there is no limit.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-max-free"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">max-free</code></span></dt><dd><p>When a garbage collection is triggered by the
<code class="literal">min-free</code> option, it stops as soon as
<code class="literal">max-free</code> bytes are available. The default is
infinity (i.e. delete all garbage).</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-max-jobs"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">max-jobs</code></span></dt><dd><p>This option defines the maximum number of jobs
that Nix will try to build in parallel. The default is
<code class="literal">1</code>. The special value <code class="literal">auto</code>
causes Nix to use the number of CPUs in your system. <code class="literal">0</code>
is useful when using remote builders to prevent any local builds (except for
<code class="literal">preferLocalBuild</code> derivation attribute which executes locally
regardless). It can be
overridden using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#opt-max-jobs">--max-jobs</a></code> (<code class="option">-j</code>)
command line switch.</p><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#chap-tuning-cores-and-jobs" title="Chapter 17. Tuning Cores and Jobs">Chapter 17, <em>Tuning Cores and Jobs</em></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-max-silent-time"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">max-silent-time</code></span></dt><dd><p>This option defines the maximum number of seconds that a
builder can go without producing any data on standard output or
standard error. This is useful (for instance in an automated
build system) to catch builds that are stuck in an infinite
loop, or to catch remote builds that are hanging due to network
problems. It can be overridden using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#opt-max-silent-time">--max-silent-time</a></code> command
line switch.</p><p>The value <code class="literal">0</code> means that there is no
timeout. This is also the default.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-min-free"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">min-free</code></span></dt><dd><p>When free disk space in <code class="filename">/nix/store</code>
drops below <code class="literal">min-free</code> during a build, Nix
performs a garbage-collection until <code class="literal">max-free</code>
bytes are available or there is no more garbage. A value of
<code class="literal">0</code> (the default) disables this feature.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-narinfo-cache-negative-ttl"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">narinfo-cache-negative-ttl</code></span></dt><dd><p>The TTL in seconds for negative lookups. If a store path is
queried from a substituter but was not found, there will be a
negative lookup cached in the local disk cache database for the
specified duration.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-narinfo-cache-positive-ttl"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">narinfo-cache-positive-ttl</code></span></dt><dd><p>The TTL in seconds for positive lookups. If a store path is
queried from a substituter, the result of the query will be cached
in the local disk cache database including some of the NAR
metadata. The default TTL is a month, setting a shorter TTL for
positive lookups can be useful for binary caches that have
frequent garbage collection, in which case having a more frequent
cache invalidation would prevent trying to pull the path again and
failing with a hash mismatch if the build isn't reproducible.
</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-netrc-file"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">netrc-file</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to an absolute path to a <code class="filename">netrc</code>
file, Nix will use the HTTP authentication credentials in this file when
trying to download from a remote host through HTTP or HTTPS. Defaults to
<code class="filename">$NIX_CONF_DIR/netrc</code>.</p><p>The <code class="filename">netrc</code> file consists of a list of
accounts in the following format:
</p><pre class="screen">
machine <em class="replaceable"><code>my-machine</code></em>
login <em class="replaceable"><code>my-username</code></em>
password <em class="replaceable"><code>my-password</code></em>
</pre><p>
For the exact syntax, see <a class="link" href="https://ec.haxx.se/usingcurl-netrc.html" target="_top">the
<code class="literal">curl</code> documentation.</a></p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>This must be an absolute path, and <code class="literal">~</code>
is not resolved. For example, <code class="filename">~/.netrc</code> won't
resolve to your home directory's <code class="filename">.netrc</code>.</p></div></dd><dt><a id="conf-plugin-files"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">plugin-files</code></span></dt><dd><p>
A list of plugin files to be loaded by Nix. Each of these
files will be dlopened by Nix, allowing them to affect
execution through static initialization. In particular, these
plugins may construct static instances of RegisterPrimOp to
add new primops or constants to the expression language,
RegisterStoreImplementation to add new store implementations,
RegisterCommand to add new subcommands to the
<code class="literal">nix</code> command, and RegisterSetting to add new
nix config settings. See the constructors for those types for
more details.
</p><p>
Since these files are loaded into the same address space as
Nix itself, they must be DSOs compatible with the instance of
Nix running at the time (i.e. compiled against the same
headers, not linked to any incompatible libraries). They
should not be linked to any Nix libs directly, as those will
be available already at load time.
</p><p>
If an entry in the list is a directory, all files in the
directory are loaded as plugins (non-recursively).
</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-pre-build-hook"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">pre-build-hook</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set, the path to a program that can set extra
derivation-specific settings for this system. This is used for settings
that can't be captured by the derivation model itself and are too variable
between different versions of the same system to be hard-coded into nix.
</p><p>The hook is passed the derivation path and, if sandboxes are enabled,
the sandbox directory. It can then modify the sandbox and send a series of
commands to modify various settings to stdout. The currently recognized
commands are:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><a id="extra-sandbox-paths"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">extra-sandbox-paths</code></span></dt><dd><p>Pass a list of files and directories to be included in the
sandbox for this build. One entry per line, terminated by an empty
line. Entries have the same format as
<code class="literal">sandbox-paths</code>.</p></dd></dl></div></dd><dt><a id="conf-post-build-hook"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">post-build-hook</code></span></dt><dd><p>Optional. The path to a program to execute after each build.</p><p>This option is only settable in the global
<code class="filename">nix.conf</code>, or on the command line by trusted
users.</p><p>When using the nix-daemon, the daemon executes the hook as
<code class="literal">root</code>. If the nix-daemon is not involved, the
hook runs as the user executing the nix-build.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>The hook executes after an evaluation-time build.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The hook does not execute on substituted paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The hook's output always goes to the user's terminal.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If the hook fails, the build succeeds but no further builds execute.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The hook executes synchronously, and blocks other builds from progressing while it runs.</p></li></ul></div><p>The program executes with no arguments. The program's environment
contains the following environment variables:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">DRV_PATH</code></span></dt><dd><p>The derivation for the built paths.</p><p>Example:
<code class="literal">/nix/store/5nihn1a7pa8b25l9zafqaqibznlvvp3f-bash-4.4-p23.drv</code>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">OUT_PATHS</code></span></dt><dd><p>Output paths of the built derivation, separated by a space character.</p><p>Example:
<code class="literal">/nix/store/zf5lbh336mnzf1nlswdn11g4n2m8zh3g-bash-4.4-p23-dev
/nix/store/rjxwxwv1fpn9wa2x5ssk5phzwlcv4mna-bash-4.4-p23-doc
/nix/store/6bqvbzjkcp9695dq0dpl5y43nvy37pq1-bash-4.4-p23-info
/nix/store/r7fng3kk3vlpdlh2idnrbn37vh4imlj2-bash-4.4-p23-man
/nix/store/xfghy8ixrhz3kyy6p724iv3cxji088dx-bash-4.4-p23</code>.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>See <a class="xref" href="#chap-post-build-hook" title="Chapter 19. Using the post-build-hook">Chapter 19, <em>Using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#conf-post-build-hook">post-build-hook</a></code></em></a> for an example
implementation.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-repeat"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">repeat</code></span></dt><dd><p>How many times to repeat builds to check whether
they are deterministic. The default value is 0. If the value is
non-zero, every build is repeated the specified number of
times. If the contents of any of the runs differs from the
previous ones and <a class="xref" href="#conf-enforce-determinism"><code class="literal">enforce-determinism</code></a> is
true, the build is rejected and the resulting store paths are not
registered as “valid” in Nix’s database.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-require-sigs"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">require-sigs</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code> (the default),
any non-content-addressed path added or copied to the Nix store
(e.g. when substituting from a binary cache) must have a valid
signature, that is, be signed using one of the keys listed in
<code class="option">trusted-public-keys</code> or
<code class="option">secret-key-files</code>. Set to <code class="literal">false</code>
to disable signature checking.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-restrict-eval"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">restrict-eval</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code>, the Nix evaluator will
not allow access to any files outside of the Nix search path (as
set via the <code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code> environment variable or the
<code class="option">-I</code> option), or to URIs outside of
<code class="option">allowed-uri</code>. The default is
<code class="literal">false</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-run-diff-hook"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">run-diff-hook</code></span></dt><dd><p>
If true, enable the execution of <a class="xref" href="#conf-diff-hook"><code class="literal">diff-hook</code></a>.
</p><p>
When using the Nix daemon, <code class="literal">run-diff-hook</code> must
be set in the <code class="filename">nix.conf</code> configuration file,
and cannot be passed at the command line.
</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-sandbox"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">sandbox</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code>, builds will be
performed in a <span class="emphasis"><em>sandboxed environment</em></span>, i.e.,
they’re isolated from the normal file system hierarchy and will
only see their dependencies in the Nix store, the temporary build
directory, private versions of <code class="filename">/proc</code>,
<code class="filename">/dev</code>, <code class="filename">/dev/shm</code> and
<code class="filename">/dev/pts</code> (on Linux), and the paths configured with the
<a class="link" href="#conf-sandbox-paths"><code class="literal">sandbox-paths</code>
option</a>. This is useful to prevent undeclared dependencies
on files in directories such as <code class="filename">/usr/bin</code>. In
addition, on Linux, builds run in private PID, mount, network, IPC
and UTS namespaces to isolate them from other processes in the
system (except that fixed-output derivations do not run in private
network namespace to ensure they can access the network).</p><p>Currently, sandboxing only work on Linux and macOS. The use
of a sandbox requires that Nix is run as root (so you should use
the <a class="link" href="#conf-build-users-group">“build users”
feature</a> to perform the actual builds under different users
than root).</p><p>If this option is set to <code class="literal">relaxed</code>, then
fixed-output derivations and derivations that have the
<code class="varname">__noChroot</code> attribute set to
<code class="literal">true</code> do not run in sandboxes.</p><p>The default is <code class="literal">true</code> on Linux and
<code class="literal">false</code> on all other platforms.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-sandbox-dev-shm-size"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">sandbox-dev-shm-size</code></span></dt><dd><p>This option determines the maximum size of the
<code class="literal">tmpfs</code> filesystem mounted on
<code class="filename">/dev/shm</code> in Linux sandboxes. For the format,
see the description of the <code class="option">size</code> option of
<code class="literal">tmpfs</code> in
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">mount</span>(8)</span>. The
default is <code class="literal">50%</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-sandbox-paths"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">sandbox-paths</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of paths bind-mounted into Nix sandbox
environments. You can use the syntax
<code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>target</code></em>=<em class="replaceable"><code>source</code></em></code>
to mount a path in a different location in the sandbox; for
instance, <code class="literal">/bin=/nix-bin</code> will mount the path
<code class="literal">/nix-bin</code> as <code class="literal">/bin</code> inside the
sandbox. If <em class="replaceable"><code>source</code></em> is followed by
<code class="literal">?</code>, then it is not an error if
<em class="replaceable"><code>source</code></em> does not exist; for example,
<code class="literal">/dev/nvidiactl?</code> specifies that
<code class="filename">/dev/nvidiactl</code> will only be mounted in the
sandbox if it exists in the host filesystem.</p><p>Depending on how Nix was built, the default value for this option
may be empty or provide <code class="filename">/bin/sh</code> as a
bind-mount of <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-secret-key-files"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">secret-key-files</code></span></dt><dd><p>A whitespace-separated list of files containing
secret (private) keys. These are used to sign locally-built
paths. They can be generated using <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--generate-binary-cache-key</strong></span>. The corresponding public
key can be distributed to other users, who can add it to
<code class="option">trusted-public-keys</code> in their
<code class="filename">nix.conf</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-show-trace"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">show-trace</code></span></dt><dd><p>Causes Nix to print out a stack trace in case of Nix
expression evaluation errors.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-substitute"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">substitute</code></span></dt><dd><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code> (default), Nix
will use binary substitutes if available. This option can be
disabled to force building from source.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-stalled-download-timeout"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">stalled-download-timeout</code></span></dt><dd><p>The timeout (in seconds) for receiving data from servers
during download. Nix cancels idle downloads after this timeout's
duration.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-substituters"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">substituters</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of URLs of substituters, separated by
whitespace. The default is
<code class="literal">https://cache.nixos.org</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-system"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">system</code></span></dt><dd><p>This option specifies the canonical Nix system
name of the current installation, such as
<code class="literal">i686-linux</code> or
<code class="literal">x86_64-darwin</code>. Nix can only build derivations
whose <code class="literal">system</code> attribute equals the value
specified here. In general, it never makes sense to modify this
value from its default, since you can use it to ‘lie’ about the
platform you are building on (e.g., perform a Mac OS build on a
Linux machine; the result would obviously be wrong). It only
makes sense if the Nix binaries can run on multiple platforms,
e.g., ‘universal binaries’ that run on <code class="literal">x86_64-linux</code> and
<code class="literal">i686-linux</code>.</p><p>It defaults to the canonical Nix system name detected by
<code class="filename">configure</code> at build time.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-system-features"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">system-features</code></span></dt><dd><p>A set of system “features” supported by this
machine, e.g. <code class="literal">kvm</code>. Derivations can express a
dependency on such features through the derivation attribute
<code class="varname">requiredSystemFeatures</code>. For example, the
attribute
</p><pre class="programlisting">
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "kvm" ];
</pre><p>
ensures that the derivation can only be built on a machine with
the <code class="literal">kvm</code> feature.</p><p>This setting by default includes <code class="literal">kvm</code> if
<code class="filename">/dev/kvm</code> is accessible, and the
pseudo-features <code class="literal">nixos-test</code>,
<code class="literal">benchmark</code> and <code class="literal">big-parallel</code>
that are used in Nixpkgs to route builds to specific
machines.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-tarball-ttl"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">tarball-ttl</code></span></dt><dd><p>Default: <code class="literal">3600</code> seconds.</p><p>The number of seconds a downloaded tarball is considered
fresh. If the cached tarball is stale, Nix will check whether
it is still up to date using the ETag header. Nix will download
a new version if the ETag header is unsupported, or the
cached ETag doesn't match.
</p><p>Setting the TTL to <code class="literal">0</code> forces Nix to always
check if the tarball is up to date.</p><p>Nix caches tarballs in
<code class="filename">$XDG_CACHE_HOME/nix/tarballs</code>.</p><p>Files fetched via <code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code>,
<code class="function">fetchGit</code>, <code class="function">fetchMercurial</code>,
<code class="function">fetchTarball</code>, and <code class="function">fetchurl</code>
respect this TTL.
</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-timeout"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">timeout</code></span></dt><dd><p>This option defines the maximum number of seconds that a
builder can run. This is useful (for instance in an automated
build system) to catch builds that are stuck in an infinite loop
but keep writing to their standard output or standard error. It
can be overridden using the <code class="option"><a class="option" href="#opt-timeout">--timeout</a></code> command line
switch.</p><p>The value <code class="literal">0</code> means that there is no
timeout. This is also the default.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-trace-function-calls"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">trace-function-calls</code></span></dt><dd><p>Default: <code class="literal">false</code>.</p><p>If set to <code class="literal">true</code>, the Nix evaluator will
trace every function call. Nix will print a log message at the
"vomit" level for every function entrance and function exit.</p><div class="informalexample"><pre class="screen">
function-trace entered undefined position at 1565795816999559622
function-trace exited undefined position at 1565795816999581277
function-trace entered /nix/store/.../example.nix:226:41 at 1565795253249935150
function-trace exited /nix/store/.../example.nix:226:41 at 1565795253249941684
</pre></div><p>The <code class="literal">undefined position</code> means the function
call is a builtin.</p><p>Use the <code class="literal">contrib/stack-collapse.py</code> script
distributed with the Nix source code to convert the trace logs
in to a format suitable for <span class="command"><strong>flamegraph.pl</strong></span>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-trusted-public-keys"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">trusted-public-keys</code></span></dt><dd><p>A whitespace-separated list of public keys. When
paths are copied from another Nix store (such as a binary cache),
they must be signed with one of these keys. For example:
<code class="literal">cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY=
hydra.nixos.org-1:CNHJZBh9K4tP3EKF6FkkgeVYsS3ohTl+oS0Qa8bezVs=</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-trusted-substituters"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">trusted-substituters</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of URLs of substituters, separated by
whitespace. These are not used by default, but can be enabled by
users of the Nix daemon by specifying <code class="literal">--option
substituters <em class="replaceable"><code>urls</code></em></code> on the
command line. Unprivileged users are only allowed to pass a
subset of the URLs listed in <code class="literal">substituters</code> and
<code class="literal">trusted-substituters</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-trusted-users"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">trusted-users</code></span></dt><dd><p>A list of names of users (separated by whitespace) that
have additional rights when connecting to the Nix daemon, such
as the ability to specify additional binary caches, or to import
unsigned NARs. You can also specify groups by prefixing them
with <code class="literal">@</code>; for instance,
<code class="literal">@wheel</code> means all users in the
<code class="literal">wheel</code> group. The default is
<code class="literal">root</code>.</p><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Adding a user to <code class="option">trusted-users</code>
is essentially equivalent to giving that user root access to the
system. For example, the user can set
<code class="option">sandbox-paths</code> and thereby obtain read access to
directories that are otherwise inacessible to
them.</p></div></dd></dl></div><p>
</p><div class="refsection"><a id="idm139733298856336"></a><h3>Deprecated Settings</h3><p>
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><a id="conf-binary-caches"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">binary-caches</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">binary-caches</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-substituters"><code class="literal">substituters</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-binary-cache-public-keys"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">binary-cache-public-keys</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">binary-cache-public-keys</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-trusted-public-keys"><code class="literal">trusted-public-keys</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-compress-log"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-compress-log</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-compress-log</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-compress-build-log"><code class="literal">compress-build-log</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-cores"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-cores</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-cores</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-cores"><code class="literal">cores</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-extra-chroot-dirs"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-extra-chroot-dirs</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-extra-chroot-dirs</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-extra-sandbox-paths"><code class="literal">extra-sandbox-paths</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-extra-sandbox-paths"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-extra-sandbox-paths</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-extra-sandbox-paths</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-extra-sandbox-paths"><code class="literal">extra-sandbox-paths</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-fallback"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-fallback</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-fallback</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-fallback"><code class="literal">fallback</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-max-jobs"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-max-jobs</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-max-jobs</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-max-jobs"><code class="literal">max-jobs</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-max-log-size"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-max-log-size</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-max-log-size</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-max-build-log-size"><code class="literal">max-build-log-size</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-max-silent-time"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-max-silent-time</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-max-silent-time</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-max-silent-time"><code class="literal">max-silent-time</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-repeat"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-repeat</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-repeat</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-repeat"><code class="literal">repeat</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-timeout"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-timeout</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-timeout</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-timeout"><code class="literal">timeout</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-use-chroot"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-use-chroot</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-use-chroot</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-sandbox"><code class="literal">sandbox</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-use-sandbox"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-use-sandbox</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-use-sandbox</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-sandbox"><code class="literal">sandbox</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-build-use-substitutes"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">build-use-substitutes</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">build-use-substitutes</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-substitute"><code class="literal">substitute</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-gc-keep-derivations"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">gc-keep-derivations</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">gc-keep-derivations</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-keep-derivations"><code class="literal">keep-derivations</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-gc-keep-outputs"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">gc-keep-outputs</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">gc-keep-outputs</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-keep-outputs"><code class="literal">keep-outputs</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-env-keep-derivations"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">env-keep-derivations</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">env-keep-derivations</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-keep-env-derivations"><code class="literal">keep-env-derivations</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-extra-binary-caches"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">extra-binary-caches</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">extra-binary-caches</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-extra-substituters"><code class="literal">extra-substituters</code></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="conf-trusted-binary-caches"></a><span class="term"><code class="literal">trusted-binary-caches</code></span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Deprecated:</em></span>
<code class="literal">trusted-binary-caches</code> is now an alias to
<a class="xref" href="#conf-trusted-substituters"><code class="literal">trusted-substituters</code></a>.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="appendix"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="part-glossary"></a>Appendix A. Glossary</h1></div></div></div><div class="glosslist"><dl><dt><a id="gloss-derivation"></a><span class="glossterm">derivation</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A description of a build action. The result of a
derivation is a store object. Derivations are typically specified
in Nix expressions using the <a class="link" href="#ssec-derivation" title="15.4. Derivations"><code class="function">derivation</code>
primitive</a>. These are translated into low-level
<span class="emphasis"><em>store derivations</em></span> (implicitly by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>, or
explicitly by <span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>).</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">store</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The location in the file system where store objects
live. Typically <code class="filename">/nix/store</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">store path</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The location in the file system of a store object,
i.e., an immediate child of the Nix store
directory.</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">store object</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A file that is an immediate child of the Nix store
directory. These can be regular files, but also entire directory
trees. Store objects can be sources (objects copied from outside of
the store), derivation outputs (objects produced by running a build
action), or derivations (files describing a build
action).</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-substitute"></a><span class="glossterm">substitute</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A substitute is a command invocation stored in the
Nix database that describes how to build a store object, bypassing
the normal build mechanism (i.e., derivations). Typically, the
substitute builds the store object by downloading a pre-built
version of the store object from some server.</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">purity</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The assumption that equal Nix derivations when run
always produce the same output. This cannot be guaranteed in
general (e.g., a builder can rely on external inputs such as the
network or the system time) but the Nix model assumes
it.</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Nix expression</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A high-level description of software packages and
compositions thereof. Deploying software using Nix entails writing
Nix expressions for your packages. Nix expressions are translated
to derivations that are stored in the Nix store. These derivations
can then be built.</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-reference"></a><span class="glossterm">reference</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A store path <code class="varname">P</code> is said to have a
reference to a store path <code class="varname">Q</code> if the store object
at <code class="varname">P</code> contains the path <code class="varname">Q</code>
somewhere. The <span class="emphasis"><em>references</em></span> of a store path are
the set of store paths to which it has a reference.
</p><p>A derivation can reference other derivations and sources
(but not output paths), whereas an output path only references other
output paths.
</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-reachable"></a><span class="glossterm">reachable</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A store path <code class="varname">Q</code> is reachable from
another store path <code class="varname">P</code> if <code class="varname">Q</code> is in the
<a class="link" href="#gloss-closure" title="closure">closure</a> of the
<a class="link" href="#gloss-reference" title="reference">references</a> relation.
</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-closure"></a><span class="glossterm">closure</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The closure of a store path is the set of store
paths that are directly or indirectly “reachable” from that store
path; that is, it’s the closure of the path under the <a class="link" href="#gloss-reference" title="reference">references</a> relation. For a package, the
closure of its derivation is equivalent to the build-time
dependencies, while the closure of its output path is equivalent to its
runtime dependencies. For correct deployment it is necessary to deploy whole
closures, since otherwise at runtime files could be missing. The command
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store -qR</strong></span> prints out closures of store paths.
</p><p>As an example, if the store object at path <code class="varname">P</code> contains
a reference to path <code class="varname">Q</code>, then <code class="varname">Q</code> is
in the closure of <code class="varname">P</code>. Further, if <code class="varname">Q</code>
references <code class="varname">R</code> then <code class="varname">R</code> is also in
the closure of <code class="varname">P</code>.
</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-output-path"></a><span class="glossterm">output path</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A store path produced by a derivation.</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-deriver"></a><span class="glossterm">deriver</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>The deriver of an <a class="link" href="#gloss-output-path" title="output path">output path</a> is the store
derivation that built it.</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-validity"></a><span class="glossterm">validity</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A store path is considered
<span class="emphasis"><em>valid</em></span> if it exists in the file system, is
listed in the Nix database as being valid, and if all paths in its
closure are also valid.</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-user-env"></a><span class="glossterm">user environment</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>An automatically generated store object that
consists of a set of symlinks to “active” applications, i.e., other
store paths. These are generated automatically by <a class="link" href="#sec-nix-env" title="nix-env"><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span></a>. See <a class="xref" href="#sec-profiles" title="Chapter 10. Profiles">Chapter 10, <em>Profiles</em></a>.</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-profile"></a><span class="glossterm">profile</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A symlink to the current <a class="link" href="#gloss-user-env" title="user environment">user environment</a> of a user, e.g.,
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles/default</code>.</p></dd><dt><a id="gloss-nar"></a><span class="glossterm">NAR</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>N</em></span>ix
<span class="emphasis"><em>AR</em></span>chive. This is a serialisation of a path in
the Nix store. It can contain regular files, directories and
symbolic links. NARs are generated and unpacked using
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --dump</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--restore</strong></span>.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="appendix"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="chap-hacking"></a>Appendix B. Hacking</h1></div></div></div><p>This section provides some notes on how to hack on Nix. To get
the latest version of Nix from GitHub:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ git clone https://github.com/NixOS/nix.git
$ cd nix
</pre><p>
</p><p>To build Nix for the current operating system/architecture use
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build
</pre><p>
or if you have a flakes-enabled nix:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix build
</pre><p>
This will build <code class="literal">defaultPackage</code> attribute defined in the <code class="literal">flake.nix</code> file.
To build for other platforms add one of the following suffixes to it: aarch64-linux,
i686-linux, x86_64-darwin, x86_64-linux.
i.e.
</p><pre class="screen">
nix-build -A defaultPackage.x86_64-linux
</pre><p>
</p><p>To build all dependencies and start a shell in which all
environment variables are set up so that those dependencies can be
found:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell
</pre><p>
To build Nix itself in this shell:
</p><pre class="screen">
[nix-shell]$ ./bootstrap.sh
[nix-shell]$ ./configure $configureFlags
[nix-shell]$ make -j $NIX_BUILD_CORES
</pre><p>
To install it in <code class="literal">$(pwd)/inst</code> and test it:
</p><pre class="screen">
[nix-shell]$ make install
[nix-shell]$ make installcheck
[nix-shell]$ ./inst/bin/nix --version
nix (Nix) 2.4
</pre><p>
If you have a flakes-enabled nix you can replace:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell
</pre><p>
by:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix develop
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="appendix"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="sec-relnotes"></a>Appendix C. Nix Release Notes</h1></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-2.3"></a>C.1. Release 2.3 (2019-09-04)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. However, it makes some
incompatible changes:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now uses BSD file locks instead of POSIX file
locks. Because of this, you should not use Nix 2.3 and previous
releases at the same time on a Nix store.</p></li></ul></div><p>It also has the following changes:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">builtins.fetchGit</code>'s <code class="varname">ref</code>
argument now allows specifying an absolute remote ref.
Nix will automatically prefix <code class="varname">ref</code> with
<code class="literal">refs/heads</code> only if <code class="varname">ref</code> doesn't
already begin with <code class="literal">refs/</code>.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The installer now enables sandboxing by default on Linux when the
system has the necessary kernel support.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="literal">max-jobs</code> setting now defaults to 1.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New builtin functions:
<code class="literal">builtins.isPath</code>,
<code class="literal">builtins.hashFile</code>.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <span class="command"><strong>nix</strong></span> command has a new
<code class="option">--print-build-logs</code> (<code class="option">-L</code>) flag to
print build log output to stderr, rather than showing the last log
line in the progress bar. To distinguish between concurrent
builds, log lines are prefixed by the name of the package.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Builds are now executed in a pseudo-terminal, and the
<code class="envar">TERM</code> environment variable is set to
<code class="literal">xterm-256color</code>. This allows many programs
(e.g. <span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>clang</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>cmake</strong></span>) to print colorized log output.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Add <code class="option">--no-net</code> convenience flag. This flag
disables substituters; sets the <code class="literal">tarball-ttl</code>
setting to infinity (ensuring that any previously downloaded files
are considered current); and disables retrying downloads and sets
the connection timeout to the minimum. This flag is enabled
automatically if there are no configured non-loopback network
interfaces.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Add a <code class="literal">post-build-hook</code> setting to run a
program after a build has succeeded.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Add a <code class="literal">trace-function-calls</code> setting to log
the duration of Nix function calls to stderr.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-2.2"></a>C.2. Release 2.2 (2019-01-11)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. It also has the following
changes:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>In derivations that use structured attributes (i.e. that
specify set the <code class="varname">__structuredAttrs</code> attribute to
<code class="literal">true</code> to cause all attributes to be passed to
the builder in JSON format), you can now specify closure checks
per output, e.g.:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
outputChecks."out" = {
# The closure of 'out' must not be larger than 256 MiB.
maxClosureSize = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
# It must not refer to C compiler or to the 'dev' output.
disallowedRequisites = [ stdenv.cc "dev" ];
};
outputChecks."dev" = {
# The 'dev' output must not be larger than 128 KiB.
maxSize = 128 * 1024;
};
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The derivation attribute
<code class="varname">requiredSystemFeatures</code> is now enforced for
local builds, and not just to route builds to remote builders.
The supported features of a machine can be specified through the
configuration setting <code class="varname">system-features</code>.</p><p>By default, <code class="varname">system-features</code> includes
<code class="literal">kvm</code> if <code class="filename">/dev/kvm</code>
exists. For compatibility, it also includes the pseudo-features
<code class="literal">nixos-test</code>, <code class="literal">benchmark</code> and
<code class="literal">big-parallel</code> which are used by Nixpkgs to route
builds to particular Hydra build machines.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Sandbox builds are now enabled by default on Linux.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new command <span class="command"><strong>nix doctor</strong></span> shows
potential issues with your Nix installation.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="literal">fetchGit</code> builtin function now uses a
caching scheme that puts different remote repositories in distinct
local repositories, rather than a single shared repository. This
may require more disk space but is faster.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="literal">dirOf</code> builtin function now works on
relative paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now supports <a class="link" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SRI/" target="_top">SRI hashes</a>,
allowing the hash algorithm and hash to be specified in a single
string. For example, you can write:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
import &lt;nix/fetchurl.nix&gt; {
url = https://nixos.org/releases/nix/nix-2.1.3/nix-2.1.3.tar.xz;
hash = "sha256-XSLa0FjVyADWWhFfkZ2iKTjFDda6mMXjoYMXLRSYQKQ=";
};
</pre><p>
instead of
</p><pre class="programlisting">
import &lt;nix/fetchurl.nix&gt; {
url = https://nixos.org/releases/nix/nix-2.1.3/nix-2.1.3.tar.xz;
sha256 = "5d22dad058d5c800d65a115f919da22938c50dd6ba98c5e3a183172d149840a4";
};
</pre><p>
</p><p>In fixed-output derivations, the
<code class="varname">outputHashAlgo</code> attribute is no longer mandatory
if <code class="varname">outputHash</code> specifies the hash.</p><p><span class="command"><strong>nix hash-file</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix
hash-path</strong></span> now print hashes in SRI format by
default. They also use SHA-256 by default instead of SHA-512
because that's what we use most of the time in Nixpkgs.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Integers are now 64 bits on all platforms.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The evaluator now prints profiling statistics (enabled via
the <code class="envar">NIX_SHOW_STATS</code> and
<code class="envar">NIX_COUNT_CALLS</code> environment variables) in JSON
format.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The option <code class="option">--xml</code> in <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--query</strong></span> has been removed. Instead, there now is an
option <code class="option">--graphml</code> to output the dependency graph
in GraphML format.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>All <code class="filename">nix-*</code> commands are now symlinks to
<code class="filename">nix</code>. This saves a bit of disk space.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix repl</strong></span> now uses
<code class="literal">libeditline</code> or
<code class="literal">libreadline</code>.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-2.1"></a>C.3. Release 2.1 (2018-09-02)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. It also reduces memory
consumption in certain situations. In addition, it has the following
new features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>The Nix installer will no longer default to the Multi-User
installation for macOS. You can still <a class="link" href="#sect-multi-user-installation" title="4.2. Multi User Installation">instruct the installer to
run in multi-user mode</a>.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Nix installer now supports performing a Multi-User
installation for Linux computers which are running systemd. You
can <a class="link" href="#sect-multi-user-installation" title="4.2. Multi User Installation">select a Multi-User installation</a> by passing the
<code class="option">--daemon</code> flag to the installer: <span class="command"><strong>sh &lt;(curl
https://nixos.org/nix/install) --daemon</strong></span>.
</p><p>The multi-user installer cannot handle systems with SELinux.
If your system has SELinux enabled, you can <a class="link" href="#sect-single-user-installation" title="4.1. Single User Installation">force the installer to run
in single-user mode</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New builtin functions:
<code class="literal">builtins.bitAnd</code>,
<code class="literal">builtins.bitOr</code>,
<code class="literal">builtins.bitXor</code>,
<code class="literal">builtins.fromTOML</code>,
<code class="literal">builtins.concatMap</code>,
<code class="literal">builtins.mapAttrs</code>.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The S3 binary cache store now supports uploading NARs larger
than 5 GiB.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The S3 binary cache store now supports uploading to
S3-compatible services with the <code class="literal">endpoint</code>
option.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The flag <code class="option">--fallback</code> is no longer required
to recover from disappeared NARs in binary caches.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-daemon</strong></span> now respects
<code class="option">--store</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix run</strong></span> now respects
<code class="varname">nix-support/propagated-user-env-packages</code>.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from
Adrien Devresse,
Aleksandr Pashkov,
Alexandre Esteves,
Amine Chikhaoui,
Andrew Dunham,
Asad Saeeduddin,
aszlig,
Ben Challenor,
Ben Gamari,
Benjamin Hipple,
Bogdan Seniuc,
Corey O'Connor,
Daiderd Jordan,
Daniel Peebles,
Daniel Poelzleithner,
Danylo Hlynskyi,
Dmitry Kalinkin,
Domen Kožar,
Doug Beardsley,
Eelco Dolstra,
Erik Arvstedt,
Félix Baylac-Jacqué,
Gleb Peregud,
Graham Christensen,
Guillaume Maudoux,
Ivan Kozik,
John Arnold,
Justin Humm,
Linus Heckemann,
Lorenzo Manacorda,
Matthew Justin Bauer,
Matthew O'Gorman,
Maximilian Bosch,
Michael Bishop,
Michael Fiano,
Michael Mercier,
Michael Raskin,
Michael Weiss,
Nicolas Dudebout,
Peter Simons,
Ryan Trinkle,
Samuel Dionne-Riel,
Sean Seefried,
Shea Levy,
Symphorien Gibol,
Tim Engler,
Tim Sears,
Tuomas Tynkkynen,
volth,
Will Dietz,
Yorick van Pelt and
zimbatm.
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-2.0"></a>C.4. Release 2.0 (2018-02-22)</h2></div></div></div><p>The following incompatible changes have been made:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>The manifest-based substituter mechanism
(<span class="command"><strong>download-using-manifests</strong></span>) has been <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/867967265b80946dfe1db72d40324b4f9af988ed" target="_top">removed</a>. It
has been superseded by the binary cache substituter mechanism
since several years. As a result, the following programs have been
removed:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-pull</strong></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-generate-patches</strong></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>bsdiff</strong></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>bspatch</strong></span></p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The “copy from other stores” substituter mechanism
(<span class="command"><strong>copy-from-other-stores</strong></span> and the
<code class="envar">NIX_OTHER_STORES</code> environment variable) has been
removed. It was primarily used by the NixOS installer to copy
available paths from the installation medium. The replacement is
to use a chroot store as a substituter
(e.g. <code class="literal">--substituters /mnt</code>), or to build into a
chroot store (e.g. <code class="literal">--store /mnt --substituters /</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-push</strong></span> has been removed as
part of the effort to eliminate Nix's dependency on Perl. You can
use <span class="command"><strong>nix copy</strong></span> instead, e.g. <code class="literal">nix copy
--to file:///tmp/my-binary-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>paths…</code></em></code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The “nested” log output feature (<code class="option">--log-type
pretty</code>) has been removed. As a result,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-log2xml</strong></span> was also removed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>OpenSSL-based signing has been <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/f435f8247553656774dd1b2c88e9de5d59cab203" target="_top">removed</a>. This
feature was never well-supported. A better alternative is provided
by the <code class="option">secret-key-files</code> and
<code class="option">trusted-public-keys</code> options.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Failed build caching has been <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/8cffec84859cec8b610a2a22ab0c4d462a9351ff" target="_top">removed</a>. This
feature was introduced to support the Hydra continuous build
system, but Hydra no longer uses it.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">nix-mode.el</code> has been removed from
Nix. It is now <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix-mode" target="_top">a separate
repository</a> and can be installed through the MELPA package
repository.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has the following new features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>It introduces a new command named <span class="command"><strong>nix</strong></span>,
which is intended to eventually replace all
<span class="command"><strong>nix-*</strong></span> commands with a more consistent and
better designed user interface. It currently provides replacements
for some (but not all) of the functionality provided by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell -p</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -qa</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate --eval</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-push</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span>. It has the following major
features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Unlike the legacy commands, it has a consistent way to
refer to packages and package-like arguments (like store
paths). For example, the following commands all copy the GNU
Hello package to a remote machine:
</p><pre class="screen">nix copy --to ssh://machine nixpkgs.hello</pre><p>
</p><pre class="screen">nix copy --to ssh://machine /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10</pre><p>
</p><pre class="screen">nix copy --to ssh://machine '(with import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {}; hello)'</pre><p>
By contrast, <span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> only accepted
store paths as arguments.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>It is self-documenting: <code class="option">--help</code> shows
all available command-line arguments. If
<code class="option">--help</code> is given after a subcommand, it shows
examples for that subcommand. <span class="command"><strong>nix
--help-config</strong></span> shows all configuration
options.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>It is much less verbose. By default, it displays a
single-line progress indicator that shows how many packages
are left to be built or downloaded, and (if there are running
builds) the most recent line of builder output. If a build
fails, it shows the last few lines of builder output. The full
build log can be retrieved using <span class="command"><strong>nix
log</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>It <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/b8283773bd64d7da6859ed520ee19867742a03ba" target="_top">provides</a>
all <code class="filename">nix.conf</code> configuration options as
command line flags. For example, instead of <code class="literal">--option
http-connections 100</code> you can write
<code class="literal">--http-connections 100</code>. Boolean options can
be written as
<code class="literal">--<em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em></code> or
<code class="literal">--no-<em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em></code>
(e.g. <code class="option">--no-auto-optimise-store</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Many subcommands have a <code class="option">--json</code> flag to
write results to stdout in JSON format.</p></li></ul></div><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Please note that the <span class="command"><strong>nix</strong></span> command
is a work in progress and the interface is subject to
change.</p></div><p>It provides the following high-level (“porcelain”)
subcommands:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix build</strong></span> is a replacement for
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix run</strong></span> executes a command in an
environment in which the specified packages are available. It
is (roughly) a replacement for <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell
-p</strong></span>. Unlike that command, it does not execute the
command in a shell, and has a flag (<span class="command"><strong>-c</strong></span>)
that specifies the unquoted command line to be
executed.</p><p>It is particularly useful in conjunction with chroot
stores, allowing Linux users who do not have permission to
install Nix in <span class="command"><strong>/nix/store</strong></span> to still use
binary substitutes that assume
<span class="command"><strong>/nix/store</strong></span>. For example,
</p><pre class="screen">nix run --store ~/my-nix nixpkgs.hello -c hello --greeting 'Hi everybody!'</pre><p>
downloads (or if not substitutes are available, builds) the
GNU Hello package into
<code class="filename">~/my-nix/nix/store</code>, then runs
<span class="command"><strong>hello</strong></span> in a mount namespace where
<code class="filename">~/my-nix/nix/store</code> is mounted onto
<span class="command"><strong>/nix/store</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix search</strong></span> replaces <span class="command"><strong>nix-env
-qa</strong></span>. It searches the available packages for
occurrences of a search string in the attribute name, package
name or description. Unlike <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -qa</strong></span>, it
has a cache to speed up subsequent searches.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix copy</strong></span> copies paths between
arbitrary Nix stores, generalising
<span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-push</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix repl</strong></span> replaces the external
program <span class="command"><strong>nix-repl</strong></span>. It provides an
interactive environment for evaluating and building Nix
expressions. Note that it uses <code class="literal">linenoise-ng</code>
instead of GNU Readline.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix upgrade-nix</strong></span> upgrades Nix to the
latest stable version. This requires that Nix is installed in
a profile. (Thus it won’t work on NixOS, or if it’s installed
outside of the Nix store.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix verify</strong></span> checks whether store paths
are unmodified and/or “trusted” (see below). It replaces
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --verify</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--verify-path</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix log</strong></span> shows the build log of a
package or path. If the build log is not available locally, it
will try to obtain it from the configured substituters (such
as <code class="uri">cache.nixos.org</code>, which now provides build
logs).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix edit</strong></span> opens the source code of a
package in your editor.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix eval</strong></span> replaces
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate --eval</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/d41c5eb13f4f3a37d80dbc6d3888644170c3b44a" target="_top">nix
why-depends</a></strong></span> shows why one store path has another in
its closure. This is primarily useful to finding the causes of
closure bloat. For example,
</p><pre class="screen">nix why-depends nixpkgs.vlc nixpkgs.libdrm.dev</pre><p>
shows a chain of files and fragments of file contents that
cause the VLC package to have the “dev” output of
<code class="literal">libdrm</code> in its closure — an undesirable
situation.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix path-info</strong></span> shows information about
store paths, replacing <span class="command"><strong>nix-store -q</strong></span>. A
useful feature is the option <code class="option">--closure-size</code>
(<code class="option">-S</code>). For example, the following command show
the closure sizes of every path in the current NixOS system
closure, sorted by size:
</p><pre class="screen">nix path-info -rS /run/current-system | sort -nk2</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix optimise-store</strong></span> replaces
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --optimise</strong></span>. The main difference
is that it has a progress indicator.</p></li></ul></div><p>A number of low-level (“plumbing”) commands are also
available:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix ls-store</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix
ls-nar</strong></span> list the contents of a store path or NAR
file. The former is primarily useful in conjunction with
remote stores, e.g.
</p><pre class="screen">nix ls-store --store https://cache.nixos.org/ -lR /nix/store/0i2jd68mp5g6h2sa5k9c85rb80sn8hi9-hello-2.10</pre><p>
lists the contents of path in a binary cache.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix cat-store</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix
cat-nar</strong></span> allow extracting a file from a store path or
NAR file.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix dump-path</strong></span> writes the contents of
a store path to stdout in NAR format. This replaces
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --dump</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/e8d6ee7c1b90a2fe6d824f1a875acc56799ae6e2" target="_top">nix
show-derivation</a></strong></span> displays a store derivation in JSON
format. This is an alternative to
<span class="command"><strong>pp-aterm</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong><a class="command" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/970366266b8df712f5f9cedb45af183ef5a8357f" target="_top">nix
add-to-store</a></strong></span> replaces <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--add</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix sign-paths</strong></span> signs store
paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix copy-sigs</strong></span> copies signatures from
one store to another.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix show-config</strong></span> shows all
configuration options and their current values.</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The store abstraction that Nix has had for a long time to
support store access via the Nix daemon has been extended
significantly. In particular, substituters (which used to be
external programs such as
<span class="command"><strong>download-from-binary-cache</strong></span>) are now subclasses
of the abstract <code class="classname">Store</code> class. This allows
many Nix commands to operate on such store types. For example,
<span class="command"><strong>nix path-info</strong></span> shows information about paths in
your local Nix store, while <span class="command"><strong>nix path-info --store
https://cache.nixos.org/</strong></span> shows information about paths
in the specified binary cache. Similarly,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-push</strong></span>
and substitution are all instances of the general notion of
copying paths between different kinds of Nix stores.</p><p>Stores are specified using an URI-like syntax,
e.g. <code class="uri">https://cache.nixos.org/</code> or
<code class="uri">ssh://machine</code>. The following store types are supported:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="classname">LocalStore</code> (stori URI
<code class="literal">local</code> or an absolute path) and the misnamed
<code class="classname">RemoteStore</code> (<code class="literal">daemon</code>)
provide access to a local Nix store, the latter via the Nix
daemon. You can use <code class="literal">auto</code> or the empty
string to auto-select a local or daemon store depending on
whether you have write permission to the Nix store. It is no
longer necessary to set the <code class="envar">NIX_REMOTE</code>
environment variable to use the Nix daemon.</p><p>As noted above, <code class="classname">LocalStore</code> now
supports chroot builds, allowing the “physical” location of
the Nix store
(e.g. <code class="filename">/home/alice/nix/store</code>) to differ
from its “logical” location (typically
<code class="filename">/nix/store</code>). This allows non-root users
to use Nix while still getting the benefits from prebuilt
binaries from <code class="uri">cache.nixos.org</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="classname">BinaryCacheStore</code> is the abstract
superclass of all binary cache stores. It supports writing
build logs and NAR content listings in JSON format.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="classname">HttpBinaryCacheStore</code>
(<code class="literal">http://</code>, <code class="literal">https://</code>)
supports binary caches via HTTP or HTTPS. If the server
supports <code class="literal">PUT</code> requests, it supports
uploading store paths via commands such as <span class="command"><strong>nix
copy</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="classname">LocalBinaryCacheStore</code>
(<code class="literal">file://</code>) supports binary caches in the
local filesystem.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="classname">S3BinaryCacheStore</code>
(<code class="literal">s3://</code>) supports binary caches stored in
Amazon S3, if enabled at compile time.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="classname">LegacySSHStore</code> (<code class="literal">ssh://</code>)
is used to implement remote builds and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="classname">SSHStore</code>
(<code class="literal">ssh-ng://</code>) supports arbitrary Nix
operations on a remote machine via the same protocol used by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-daemon</strong></span>.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Security has been improved in various ways:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now stores signatures for local store
paths. When paths are copied between stores (e.g., copied from
a binary cache to a local store), signatures are
propagated.</p><p>Locally-built paths are signed automatically using the
secret keys specified by the <code class="option">secret-key-files</code>
store option. Secret/public key pairs can be generated using
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--generate-binary-cache-key</strong></span>.</p><p>In addition, locally-built store paths are marked as
“ultimately trusted”, but this bit is not propagated when
paths are copied between stores.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Content-addressable store paths no longer require
signatures — they can be imported into a store by unprivileged
users even if they lack signatures.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix verify</strong></span> checks whether
the specified paths are trusted, i.e., have a certain number
of trusted signatures, are ultimately trusted, or are
content-addressed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Substitutions from binary caches <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/ecbc3fedd3d5bdc5a0e1a0a51b29062f2874ac8b" target="_top">now</a>
require signatures by default. This was already the case on
NixOS.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In Linux sandbox builds, we <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/eba840c8a13b465ace90172ff76a0db2899ab11b" target="_top">now</a>
use <code class="filename">/build</code> instead of
<code class="filename">/tmp</code> as the temporary build
directory. This fixes potential security problems when a build
accidentally stores its <code class="envar">TMPDIR</code> in some
security-sensitive place, such as an RPATH.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Pure evaluation mode</em></span>. With the
<code class="literal">--pure-eval</code> flag, Nix enables a variant of the existing
restricted evaluation mode that forbids access to anything that could cause
different evaluations of the same command line arguments to produce a
different result. This includes builtin functions such as
<code class="function">builtins.getEnv</code>, but more importantly,
<span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> filesystem or network access unless a content hash
or commit hash is specified. For example, calls to
<code class="function">builtins.fetchGit</code> are only allowed if a
<code class="varname">rev</code> attribute is specified.</p><p>The goal of this feature is to enable true reproducibility
and traceability of builds (including NixOS system configurations)
at the evaluation level. For example, in the future,
<span class="command"><strong>nixos-rebuild</strong></span> might build configurations from a
Nix expression in a Git repository in pure mode. That expression
might fetch other repositories such as Nixpkgs via
<code class="function">builtins.fetchGit</code>. The commit hash of the
top-level repository then uniquely identifies a running system,
and, in conjunction with that repository, allows it to be
reproduced or modified.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>There are several new features to support binary
reproducibility (i.e. to help ensure that multiple builds of the
same derivation produce exactly the same output). When
<code class="option">enforce-determinism</code> is set to
<code class="literal">false</code>, it’s <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/8bdf83f936adae6f2c907a6d2541e80d4120f051" target="_top">no
longer</a> a fatal error if build rounds produce different
output. Also, a hook named <code class="option">diff-hook</code> is <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/9a313469a4bdea2d1e8df24d16289dc2a172a169" target="_top">provided</a>
to allow you to run tools such as <span class="command"><strong>diffoscope</strong></span>
when build rounds produce different output.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Configuring remote builds is a lot easier now. Provided you
are not using the Nix daemon, you can now just specify a remote
build machine on the command line, e.g. <code class="literal">--option builders
'ssh://my-mac x86_64-darwin'</code>. The environment variable
<code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_HOOK</code> has been removed and is no longer
needed. The environment variable <code class="envar">NIX_REMOTE_SYSTEMS</code>
is still supported for compatibility, but it is also possible to
specify builders in <span class="command"><strong>nix.conf</strong></span> by setting the
option <code class="literal">builders =
@<em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If a fixed-output derivation produces a result with an
incorrect hash, the output path is moved to the location
corresponding to the actual hash and registered as valid. Thus, a
subsequent build of the fixed-output derivation with the correct
hash is unnecessary.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/ea59f39326c8e9dc42dfed4bcbf597fbce58797c" target="_top">now</a>
sets the <code class="varname">IN_NIX_SHELL</code> environment variable
during evaluation and in the shell itself. This can be used to
perform different actions depending on whether you’re in a Nix
shell or in a regular build. Nixpkgs provides
<code class="varname">lib.inNixShell</code> to check this variable during
evaluation.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code> is now lazy, so URIs in the path are
only downloaded if they are needed for evaluation.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>You can now use
<code class="uri">channel:<em class="replaceable"><code>channel-name</code></em></code> as a
short-hand for
<code class="uri">https://nixos.org/channels/<em class="replaceable"><code>channel-name</code></em>/nixexprs.tar.xz</code>. For
example, <code class="literal">nix-build channel:nixos-15.09 -A hello</code>
will build the GNU Hello package from the
<code class="literal">nixos-15.09</code> channel. In the future, this may
use Git to fetch updates more efficiently.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>When <code class="option">--no-build-output</code> is given, the last
10 lines of the build log will be shown if a build
fails.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Networking has been improved:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>HTTP/2 is now supported. This makes binary cache lookups
<a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/90ad02bf626b885a5dd8967894e2eafc953bdf92" target="_top">much
more efficient</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>We now retry downloads on many HTTP errors, making
binary caches substituters more resilient to temporary
failures.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>HTTP credentials can now be configured via the standard
<code class="filename">netrc</code> mechanism.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If S3 support is enabled at compile time,
<code class="uri">s3://</code> URIs are <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/9ff9c3f2f80ba4108e9c945bbfda2c64735f987b" target="_top">supported</a>
in all places where Nix allows URIs.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Brotli compression is now supported. In particular,
<code class="uri">cache.nixos.org</code> build logs are now compressed using
Brotli.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/b0cb11722626e906a73f10dd9a0c9eea29faf43a" target="_top">now</a>
ignores packages with bad derivation names (in particular those
starting with a digit or containing a dot).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Many configuration options have been renamed, either because
they were unnecessarily verbose
(e.g. <code class="option">build-use-sandbox</code> is now just
<code class="option">sandbox</code>) or to reflect generalised behaviour
(e.g. <code class="option">binary-caches</code> is now
<code class="option">substituters</code> because it allows arbitrary store
URIs). The old names are still supported for compatibility.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="option">max-jobs</code> option can <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/7251d048fa812d2551b7003bc9f13a8f5d4c95a5" target="_top">now</a>
be set to <code class="literal">auto</code> to use the number of CPUs in the
system.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Hashes can <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/c0015e87af70f539f24d2aa2bc224a9d8b84276b" target="_top">now</a>
be specified in base-64 format, in addition to base-16 and the
non-standard base-32.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> now uses
<code class="varname">bashInteractive</code> from Nixpkgs, rather than the
<span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> command that happens to be in the caller’s
<code class="envar">PATH</code>. This is especially important on macOS where
the <span class="command"><strong>bash</strong></span> provided by the system is seriously
outdated and cannot execute <code class="literal">stdenv</code>’s setup
script.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix can now automatically trigger a garbage collection if
free disk space drops below a certain level during a build. This
is configured using the <code class="option">min-free</code> and
<code class="option">max-free</code> options.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store -q --roots</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --gc --print-roots</strong></span> now show temporary
and in-memory roots.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Nix can now be extended with plugins. See the documentation of
the <code class="option">plugin-files</code> option for more details.
</p></li></ul></div><p>The Nix language has the following new features:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>It supports floating point numbers. They are based on the
C++ <code class="literal">float</code> type and are supported by the
existing numerical operators. Export and import to and from JSON
and XML works, too.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Derivation attributes can now reference the outputs of the
derivation using the <code class="function">placeholder</code> builtin
function. For example, the attribute
</p><pre class="programlisting">
configureFlags = "--prefix=${placeholder "out"} --includedir=${placeholder "dev"}";
</pre><p>
will cause the <code class="envar">configureFlags</code> environment variable
to contain the actual store paths corresponding to the
<code class="literal">out</code> and <code class="literal">dev</code> outputs.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>The following builtin functions are new or extended:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function"><a class="function" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/38539b943a060d9cdfc24d6e5d997c0885b8aa2f" target="_top">builtins.fetchGit</a></code>
allows Git repositories to be fetched at evaluation time. Thus it
differs from the <code class="function">fetchgit</code> function in
Nixpkgs, which fetches at build time and cannot be used to fetch
Nix expressions during evaluation. A typical use case is to import
external NixOS modules from your configuration, e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">imports = [ (builtins.fetchGit https://github.com/edolstra/dwarffs + "/module.nix") ];</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Similarly, <code class="function">builtins.fetchMercurial</code>
allows you to fetch Mercurial repositories.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">builtins.path</code> generalises
<code class="function">builtins.filterSource</code> and path literals
(e.g. <code class="literal">./foo</code>). It allows specifying a store path
name that differs from the source path name
(e.g. <code class="literal">builtins.path { path = ./foo; name = "bar";
}</code>) and also supports filtering out unwanted
files.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">builtins.fetchurl</code> and
<code class="function">builtins.fetchTarball</code> now support
<code class="varname">sha256</code> and <code class="varname">name</code>
attributes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function"><a class="function" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/b8867a0239b1930a16f9ef3f7f3e864b01416dff" target="_top">builtins.split</a></code>
splits a string using a POSIX extended regular expression as the
separator.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function"><a class="function" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/26d92017d3b36cff940dcb7d1611c42232edb81a" target="_top">builtins.partition</a></code>
partitions the elements of a list into two lists, depending on a
Boolean predicate.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">&lt;nix/fetchurl.nix&gt;</code> now uses the
content-addressable tarball cache at
<code class="uri">http://tarballs.nixos.org/</code>, just like
<code class="function">fetchurl</code> in
Nixpkgs. (f2682e6e18a76ecbfb8a12c17e3a0ca15c084197)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In restricted and pure evaluation mode, builtin functions
that download from the network (such as
<code class="function">fetchGit</code>) are permitted to fetch underneath a
list of URI prefixes specified in the option
<code class="option">allowed-uris</code>.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>The Nix build environment has the following changes:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Values such as Booleans, integers, (nested) lists and
attribute sets can <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/6de33a9c675b187437a2e1abbcb290981a89ecb1" target="_top">now</a>
be passed to builders in a non-lossy way. If the special attribute
<code class="varname">__structuredAttrs</code> is set to
<code class="literal">true</code>, the other derivation attributes are
serialised in JSON format and made available to the builder via
the file <code class="envar">.attrs.json</code> in the builder’s temporary
directory. This obviates the need for
<code class="varname">passAsFile</code> since JSON files have no size
restrictions, unlike process environments.</p><p><a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/2d5b1b24bf70a498e4c0b378704cfdb6471cc699" target="_top">As
a convenience to Bash builders</a>, Nix writes a script named
<code class="envar">.attrs.sh</code> to the builder’s directory that
initialises shell variables corresponding to all attributes that
are representable in Bash. This includes non-nested (associative)
arrays. For example, the attribute <code class="literal">hardening.format =
true</code> ends up as the Bash associative array element
<code class="literal">${hardening[format]}</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Builders can <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/88e6bb76de5564b3217be9688677d1c89101b2a3" target="_top">now</a>
communicate what build phase they are in by writing messages to
the file descriptor specified in <code class="envar">NIX_LOG_FD</code>. The
current phase is shown by the <span class="command"><strong>nix</strong></span> progress
indicator.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In Linux sandbox builds, we <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/a2d92bb20e82a0957067ede60e91fab256948b41" target="_top">now</a>
provide a default <code class="filename">/bin/sh</code> (namely
<code class="filename">ash</code> from BusyBox).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In structured attribute mode,
<code class="varname">exportReferencesGraph</code> <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/c2b0d8749f7e77afc1c4b3e8dd36b7ee9720af4a" target="_top">exports</a>
extended information about closures in JSON format. In particular,
it includes the sizes and hashes of paths. This is primarily
useful for NixOS image builders.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Builds are <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/21948deed99a3295e4d5666e027a6ca42dc00b40" target="_top">now</a>
killed as soon as Nix receives EOF on the builder’s stdout or
stderr. This fixes a bug that allowed builds to hang Nix
indefinitely, regardless of
timeouts.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="option">sandbox-paths</code> configuration
option can now specify optional paths by appending a
<code class="literal">?</code>, e.g. <code class="literal">/dev/nvidiactl?</code> will
bind-mount <code class="varname">/dev/nvidiactl</code> only if it
exists.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>On Linux, builds are now executed in a user
namespace with UID 1000 and GID 100.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>A number of significant internal changes were made:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Nix no longer depends on Perl and all Perl components have
been rewritten in C++ or removed. The Perl bindings that used to
be part of Nix have been moved to a separate package,
<code class="literal">nix-perl</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>All <code class="classname">Store</code> classes are now
thread-safe. <code class="classname">RemoteStore</code> supports multiple
concurrent connections to the daemon. This is primarily useful in
multi-threaded programs such as
<span class="command"><strong>hydra-queue-runner</strong></span>.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>This release has contributions from
Adrien Devresse,
Alexander Ried,
Alex Cruice,
Alexey Shmalko,
AmineChikhaoui,
Andy Wingo,
Aneesh Agrawal,
Anthony Cowley,
Armijn Hemel,
aszlig,
Ben Gamari,
Benjamin Hipple,
Benjamin Staffin,
Benno Fünfstück,
Bjørn Forsman,
Brian McKenna,
Charles Strahan,
Chase Adams,
Chris Martin,
Christian Theune,
Chris Warburton,
Daiderd Jordan,
Dan Connolly,
Daniel Peebles,
Dan Peebles,
davidak,
David McFarland,
Dmitry Kalinkin,
Domen Kožar,
Eelco Dolstra,
Emery Hemingway,
Eric Litak,
Eric Wolf,
Fabian Schmitthenner,
Frederik Rietdijk,
Gabriel Gonzalez,
Giorgio Gallo,
Graham Christensen,
Guillaume Maudoux,
Harmen,
Iavael,
James Broadhead,
James Earl Douglas,
Janus Troelsen,
Jeremy Shaw,
Joachim Schiele,
Joe Hermaszewski,
Joel Moberg,
Johannes 'fish' Ziemke,
Jörg Thalheim,
Jude Taylor,
kballou,
Keshav Kini,
Kjetil Orbekk,
Langston Barrett,
Linus Heckemann,
Ludovic Courtès,
Manav Rathi,
Marc Scholten,
Markus Hauck,
Matt Audesse,
Matthew Bauer,
Matthias Beyer,
Matthieu Coudron,
N1X,
Nathan Zadoks,
Neil Mayhew,
Nicolas B. Pierron,
Niklas Hambüchen,
Nikolay Amiantov,
Ole Jørgen Brønner,
Orivej Desh,
Peter Simons,
Peter Stuart,
Pyry Jahkola,
regnat,
Renzo Carbonara,
Rhys,
Robert Vollmert,
Scott Olson,
Scott R. Parish,
Sergei Trofimovich,
Shea Levy,
Sheena Artrip,
Spencer Baugh,
Stefan Junker,
Susan Potter,
Thomas Tuegel,
Timothy Allen,
Tristan Hume,
Tuomas Tynkkynen,
tv,
Tyson Whitehead,
Vladimír Čunát,
Will Dietz,
wmertens,
Wout Mertens,
zimbatm and
Zoran Plesivčak.
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.11.10"></a>C.5. Release 1.11.10 (2017-06-12)</h2></div></div></div><p>This release fixes a security bug in Nix’s “build user” build
isolation mechanism. Previously, Nix builders had the ability to
create setuid binaries owned by a <code class="literal">nixbld</code>
user. Such a binary could then be used by an attacker to assume a
<code class="literal">nixbld</code> identity and interfere with subsequent
builds running under the same UID.</p><p>To prevent this issue, Nix now disallows builders to create
setuid and setgid binaries. On Linux, this is done using a seccomp BPF
filter. Note that this imposes a small performance penalty (e.g. 1%
when building GNU Hello). Using seccomp, we now also prevent the
creation of extended attributes and POSIX ACLs since these cannot be
represented in the NAR format and (in the case of POSIX ACLs) allow
bypassing regular Nix store permissions. On macOS, the restriction is
implemented using the existing sandbox mechanism, which now uses a
minimal “allow all except the creation of setuid/setgid binaries”
profile when regular sandboxing is disabled. On other platforms, the
“build user” mechanism is now disabled.</p><p>Thanks go to Linus Heckemann for discovering and reporting this
bug.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.11"></a>C.6. Release 1.11 (2016-01-19)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. It also has a number of new
features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span> can now download URLs
specified in a Nix expression. For example,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-prefetch-url -A hello.src
</pre><p>
will prefetch the file specified by the
<code class="function">fetchurl</code> call in the attribute
<code class="literal">hello.src</code> from the Nix expression in the
current directory, and print the cryptographic hash of the
resulting file on stdout. This differs from <code class="literal">nix-build -A
hello.src</code> in that it doesn't verify the hash, and is
thus useful when you’re updating a Nix expression.</p><p>You can also prefetch the result of functions that unpack a
tarball, such as <code class="function">fetchFromGitHub</code>. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-prefetch-url --unpack https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/0.8.tar.gz
</pre><p>
or from a Nix expression:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-prefetch-url -A nix-repl.src
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The builtin function
<code class="function">&lt;nix/fetchurl.nix&gt;</code> now supports
downloading and unpacking NARs. This removes the need to have
multiple downloads in the Nixpkgs stdenv bootstrap process (like a
separate busybox binary for Linux, or curl/mkdir/sh/bzip2 for
Darwin). Now all those files can be combined into a single NAR,
optionally compressed using <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now supports SHA-512 hashes for verifying fixed-output
derivations, and in <code class="function">builtins.hashString</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The new flag <code class="option">--option build-repeat
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code> will cause every build to
be executed <em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em>+1 times. If the build
output differs between any round, the build is rejected, and the
output paths are not registered as valid. This is primarily
useful to verify build determinism. (We already had a
<code class="option">--check</code> option to repeat a previously succeeded
build. However, with <code class="option">--check</code>, non-deterministic
builds are registered in the DB. Preventing that is useful for
Hydra to ensure that non-deterministic builds don't end up
getting published to the binary cache.)
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
The options <code class="option">--check</code> and <code class="option">--option
build-repeat <em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code>, if they
detect a difference between two runs of the same derivation and
<code class="option">-K</code> is given, will make the output of the other
run available under
<code class="filename"><em class="replaceable"><code>store-path</code></em>-check</code>. This
makes it easier to investigate the non-determinism using tools
like <span class="command"><strong>diffoscope</strong></span>, e.g.,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build pkgs/stdenv/linux -A stage1.pkgs.zlib --check -K
error: derivation ‘/nix/store/l54i8wlw2265…-zlib-1.2.8.drv’ may not
be deterministic: output ‘/nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8’
differs from ‘/nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8-check’
$ diffoscope /nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8 /nix/store/11a27shh6n2i…-zlib-1.2.8-check
…
├── lib/libz.a
│ ├── metadata
│ │ @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
│ │ -rw-r--r-- 30001/30000 3096 Jan 12 15:20 2016 adler32.o
…
│ │ +rw-r--r-- 30001/30000 3096 Jan 12 15:28 2016 adler32.o
…
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Improved FreeBSD support.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env -qa --xml --meta</strong></span> now prints
license information.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The maximum number of parallel TCP connections that the
binary cache substituter will use has been decreased from 150 to
25. This should prevent upsetting some broken NAT routers, and
also improves performance.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>All "chroot"-containing strings got renamed to "sandbox".
In particular, some Nix options got renamed, but the old names
are still accepted as lower-priority aliases.
</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from Anders Claesson, Anthony
Cowley, Bjørn Forsman, Brian McKenna, Danny Wilson, davidak, Eelco Dolstra,
Fabian Schmitthenner, FrankHB, Ilya Novoselov, janus, Jim Garrison, John
Ericson, Jude Taylor, Ludovic Courtès, Manuel Jacob, Mathnerd314,
Pascal Wittmann, Peter Simons, Philip Potter, Preston Bennes, Rommel
M. Martinez, Sander van der Burg, Shea Levy, Tim Cuthbertson, Tuomas
Tynkkynen, Utku Demir and Vladimír Čunát.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.10"></a>C.7. Release 1.10 (2015-09-03)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. It also has a number of new
features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>A number of builtin functions have been added to reduce
Nixpkgs/NixOS evaluation time and memory consumption:
<code class="function">all</code>,
<code class="function">any</code>,
<code class="function">concatStringsSep</code>,
<code class="function">foldl’</code>,
<code class="function">genList</code>,
<code class="function">replaceStrings</code>,
<code class="function">sort</code>.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The garbage collector is more robust when the disk is full.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix supports a new API for building derivations that doesn’t
require a <code class="literal">.drv</code> file to be present on disk; it
only requires an in-memory representation of the derivation. This
is used by the Hydra continuous build system to make remote builds
more efficient.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The function <code class="literal">&lt;nix/fetchurl.nix&gt;</code> now
uses a <span class="emphasis"><em>builtin</em></span> builder (i.e. it doesn’t
require starting an external process; the download is performed by
Nix itself). This ensures that derivation paths don’t change when
Nix is upgraded, and obviates the need for ugly hacks to support
chroot execution.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="option">--version -v</code> now prints some configuration
information, in particular what compile-time optional features are
enabled, and the paths of various directories.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Build users have their supplementary groups set correctly.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from Eelco Dolstra, Guillaume
Maudoux, Iwan Aucamp, Jaka Hudoklin, Kirill Elagin, Ludovic Courtès,
Manolis Ragkousis, Nicolas B. Pierron and Shea Levy.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.9"></a>C.8. Release 1.9 (2015-06-12)</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the usual bug fixes, this release has the
following new features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Signed binary cache support. You can enable signature
checking by adding the following to <code class="filename">nix.conf</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
signed-binary-caches = *
binary-cache-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY=
</pre><p>
This will prevent Nix from downloading any binary from the cache
that is not signed by one of the keys listed in
<code class="option">binary-cache-public-keys</code>.</p><p>Signature checking is only supported if you built Nix with
the <code class="literal">libsodium</code> package.</p><p>Note that while Nix has had experimental support for signed
binary caches since version 1.7, this release changes the
signature format in a backwards-incompatible way.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Automatic downloading of Nix expression tarballs. In various
places, you can now specify the URL of a tarball containing Nix
expressions (such as Nixpkgs), which will be downloaded and
unpacked automatically. For example:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>In <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz -iA firefox
</pre><p>
This installs Firefox from the latest tested and built revision
of the NixOS 14.12 channel.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span>:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz -A hello
</pre><p>
This builds GNU Hello from the latest revision of the Nixpkgs
master branch.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In the Nix search path (as specified via
<code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code> or <code class="option">-I</code>). For example, to
start a shell containing the Pan package from a specific version
of Nixpkgs:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell -p pan -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/8a3eea054838b55aca962c3fbde9c83c102b8bf2.tar.gz
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In <span class="command"><strong>nixos-rebuild</strong></span> (on NixOS):
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nixos-rebuild test -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-unstable.tar.gz
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In Nix expressions, via the new builtin function <code class="function">fetchTarball</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
with import (fetchTarball https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-14.12.tar.gz) {}; …
</pre><p>
(This is not allowed in restricted mode.)</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> improvements:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> now has a flag
<code class="option">--run</code> to execute a command in the
<span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> environment,
e.g. <code class="literal">nix-shell --run make</code>. This is like
the existing <code class="option">--command</code> flag, except that it
uses a non-interactive shell (ensuring that hitting Ctrl-C won’t
drop you into the child shell).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> can now be used as
a <code class="literal">#!</code>-interpreter. This allows you to write
scripts that dynamically fetch their own dependencies. For
example, here is a Haskell script that, when invoked, first
downloads GHC and the Haskell packages on which it depends:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i runghc -p haskellPackages.ghc haskellPackages.HTTP
import Network.HTTP
main = do
resp &lt;- Network.HTTP.simpleHTTP (getRequest "http://nixos.org/")
body &lt;- getResponseBody resp
print (take 100 body)
</pre><p>
Of course, the dependencies are cached in the Nix store, so the
second invocation of this script will be much
faster.</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Chroot improvements:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Chroot builds are now supported on Mac OS X
(using its sandbox mechanism).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If chroots are enabled, they are now used for
all derivations, including fixed-output derivations (such as
<code class="function">fetchurl</code>). The latter do have network
access, but can no longer access the host filesystem. If you
need the old behaviour, you can set the option
<code class="option">build-use-chroot</code> to
<code class="literal">relaxed</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>On Linux, if chroots are enabled, builds are
performed in a private PID namespace once again. (This
functionality was lost in Nix 1.8.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Store paths listed in
<code class="option">build-chroot-dirs</code> are now automatically
expanded to their closure. For instance, if you want
<code class="filename">/nix/store/…-bash/bin/sh</code> mounted in your
chroot as <code class="filename">/bin/sh</code>, you only need to say
<code class="literal">build-chroot-dirs =
/bin/sh=/nix/store/…-bash/bin/sh</code>; it is no longer
necessary to specify the dependencies of Bash.</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new derivation attribute
<code class="varname">passAsFile</code> allows you to specify that the
contents of derivation attributes should be passed via files rather
than environment variables. This is useful if you need to pass very
long strings that exceed the size limit of the environment. The
Nixpkgs function <code class="function">writeTextFile</code> uses
this.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>You can now use <code class="literal">~</code> in Nix file
names to refer to your home directory, e.g. <code class="literal">import
~/.nixpkgs/config.nix</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix has a new option <code class="option">restrict-eval</code>
that allows limiting what paths the Nix evaluator has access to. By
passing <code class="literal">--option restrict-eval true</code> to Nix, the
evaluator will throw an exception if an attempt is made to access
any file outside of the Nix search path. This is primarily intended
for Hydra to ensure that a Hydra jobset only refers to its declared
inputs (and is therefore reproducible).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> now only creates a new
“generation” symlink in <code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/profiles</code>
if something actually changed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The environment variable <code class="envar">NIX_PAGER</code>
can now be set to override <code class="envar">PAGER</code>. You can set it to
<code class="literal">cat</code> to disable paging for Nix commands
only.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Failing <code class="literal">&lt;...&gt;</code>
lookups now show position information.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Improved Boehm GC use: we disabled scanning for
interior pointers, which should reduce the “<code class="literal">Repeated
allocation of very large block</code>” warnings and associated
retention of memory.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from aszlig, Benjamin Staffin,
Charles Strahan, Christian Theune, Daniel Hahler, Danylo Hlynskyi
Daniel Peebles, Dan Peebles, Domen Kožar, Eelco Dolstra, Harald van
Dijk, Hoang Xuan Phu, Jaka Hudoklin, Jeff Ramnani, j-keck, Linquize,
Luca Bruno, Michael Merickel, Oliver Dunkl, Rob Vermaas, Rok Garbas,
Shea Levy, Tobias Geerinckx-Rice and William A. Kennington III.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.8"></a>C.9. Release 1.8 (2014-12-14)</h2></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Breaking change: to address a race condition, the
remote build hook mechanism now uses <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--serve</strong></span> on the remote machine. This requires build slaves
to be updated to Nix 1.8.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now uses HTTPS instead of HTTP to access the
default binary cache,
<code class="literal">cache.nixos.org</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> selectors are now regular
expressions. For instance, you can do
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -qa '.*zip.*'
</pre><p>
to query all packages with a name containing
<code class="literal">zip</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store --read-log</strong></span> can now
fetch remote build logs. If a build log is not available locally,
then ‘nix-store -l’ will now try to download it from the servers
listed in the ‘log-servers’ option in nix.conf. For instance, if you
have the configuration option
</p><pre class="programlisting">
log-servers = http://hydra.nixos.org/log
</pre><p>
then it will try to get logs from
<code class="literal">http://hydra.nixos.org/log/<em class="replaceable"><code>base name of the
store path</code></em></code>. This allows you to do things like:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -l $(which xterm)
</pre><p>
and get a log even if <span class="command"><strong>xterm</strong></span> wasn't built
locally.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New builtin functions:
<code class="function">attrValues</code>, <code class="function">deepSeq</code>,
<code class="function">fromJSON</code>, <code class="function">readDir</code>,
<code class="function">seq</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate --eval</strong></span> now has a
<code class="option">--json</code> flag to print the resulting value in JSON
format.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> now uses
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --serve</strong></span> on the remote side to send or
receive closures. This fixes a race condition between
<span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> and the garbage
collector.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Derivations can specify the new special attribute
<code class="varname">allowedRequisites</code>, which has a similar meaning to
<code class="varname">allowedReferences</code>. But instead of only enforcing
to explicitly specify the immediate references, it requires the
derivation to specify all the dependencies recursively (hence the
name, requisites) that are used by the resulting
output.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>On Mac OS X, Nix now handles case collisions when
importing closures from case-sensitive file systems. This is mostly
useful for running NixOps on Mac OS X.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Nix daemon has new configuration options
<code class="option">allowed-users</code> (specifying the users and groups that
are allowed to connect to the daemon) and
<code class="option">trusted-users</code> (specifying the users and groups that
can perform privileged operations like specifying untrusted binary
caches).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The configuration option
<code class="option">build-cores</code> now defaults to the number of available
CPU cores.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Build users are now used by default when Nix is
invoked as root. This prevents builds from accidentally running as
root.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now includes systemd units and Upstart
jobs.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Speed improvements to <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--optimise</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Language change: the <code class="literal">==</code> operator
now ignores string contexts (the “dependencies” of a
string).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now filters out Nix-specific ANSI escape
sequences on standard error. They are supposed to be invisible, but
some terminals show them anyway.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Various commands now automatically pipe their output
into the pager as specified by the <code class="envar">PAGER</code> environment
variable.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Several improvements to reduce memory consumption in
the evaluator.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from Adam Szkoda, Aristid
Breitkreuz, Bob van der Linden, Charles Strahan, darealshinji, Eelco
Dolstra, Gergely Risko, Joel Taylor, Ludovic Courtès, Marko Durkovic,
Mikey Ariel, Paul Colomiets, Ricardo M. Correia, Ricky Elrod, Robert
Helgesson, Rob Vermaas, Russell O'Connor, Shea Levy, Shell Turner,
Sönke Hahn, Steve Purcell, Vladimír Čunát and Wout Mertens.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.7"></a>C.10. Release 1.7 (2014-04-11)</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the usual bug fixes, this release has the
following new features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Antiquotation is now allowed inside of quoted attribute
names (e.g. <code class="literal">set."${foo}"</code>). In the case where
the attribute name is just a single antiquotation, the quotes can
be dropped (e.g. the above example can be written
<code class="literal">set.${foo}</code>). If an attribute name inside of a
set declaration evaluates to <code class="literal">null</code> (e.g.
<code class="literal">{ ${null} = false; }</code>), then that attribute is
not added to the set.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Experimental support for cryptographically signed binary
caches. See <a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/0fdf4da0e979f992db75cc17376e455ddc5a96d8" target="_top">the
commit for details</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>An experimental new substituter,
<span class="command"><strong>download-via-ssh</strong></span>, that fetches binaries from
remote machines via SSH. Specifying the flags <code class="literal">--option
use-ssh-substituter true --option ssh-substituter-hosts
<em class="replaceable"><code>user@hostname</code></em></code> will cause Nix
to download binaries from the specified machine, if it has
them.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store -r</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> have a new flag,
<code class="option">--check</code>, that builds a previously built
derivation again, and prints an error message if the output is not
exactly the same. This helps to verify whether a derivation is
truly deterministic. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A patchelf
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A patchelf --check
<em class="replaceable"><code>…</code></em>
error: derivation `/nix/store/1ipvxs…-patchelf-0.6' may not be deterministic:
hash mismatch in output `/nix/store/4pc1dm…-patchelf-0.6.drv'
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span> flags
<code class="option">--eval-only</code> and <code class="option">--parse-only</code>
have been renamed to <code class="option">--eval</code> and
<code class="option">--parse</code>, respectively.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> now
have a flag <code class="option">--expr</code> (or <code class="option">-E</code>) that
allows you to specify the expression to be evaluated as a command
line argument. For instance, <code class="literal">nix-instantiate --eval -E
'1 + 2'</code> will print <code class="literal">3</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> improvements:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>It has a new flag, <code class="option">--packages</code> (or
<code class="option">-p</code>), that sets up a build environment
containing the specified packages from Nixpkgs. For example,
the command
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-shell -p sqlite xorg.libX11 hello
</pre><p>
will start a shell in which the given packages are
present.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>It now uses <code class="filename">shell.nix</code> as the
default expression, falling back to
<code class="filename">default.nix</code> if the former doesn’t
exist. This makes it convenient to have a
<code class="filename">shell.nix</code> in your project to set up a
nice development environment.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>It evaluates the derivation attribute
<code class="varname">shellHook</code>, if set. Since
<code class="literal">stdenv</code> does not normally execute this hook,
it allows you to do <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span>-specific
setup.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>It preserves the user’s timezone setting.</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>In chroots, Nix now sets up a <code class="filename">/dev</code>
containing only a minimal set of devices (such as
<code class="filename">/dev/null</code>). Note that it only does this if
you <span class="emphasis"><em>don’t</em></span> have <code class="filename">/dev</code>
listed in your <code class="option">build-chroot-dirs</code> setting;
otherwise, it will bind-mount the <code class="literal">/dev</code> from
outside the chroot.</p><p>Similarly, if you don’t have <code class="filename">/dev/pts</code> listed
in <code class="option">build-chroot-dirs</code>, Nix will mount a private
<code class="literal">devpts</code> filesystem on the chroot’s
<code class="filename">/dev/pts</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New built-in function: <code class="function">builtins.toJSON</code>,
which returns a JSON representation of a value.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env -q</strong></span> has a new flag
<code class="option">--json</code> to print a JSON representation of the
installed or available packages.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> now supports meta attributes with
more complex values, such as attribute sets.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="option">-A</code> flag now allows attribute names with
dots in them, e.g.
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-instantiate --eval '&lt;nixos&gt;' -A 'config.systemd.units."nscd.service".text'
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="option">--max-freed</code> option to
<span class="command"><strong>nix-store --gc</strong></span> now accepts a unit
specifier. For example, <code class="literal">nix-store --gc --max-freed
1G</code> will free up to 1 gigabyte of disk space.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-collect-garbage</strong></span> has a new flag
<code class="option">--delete-older-than</code>
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em><code class="literal">d</code>, which deletes
all user environment generations older than
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em> days. Likewise, <span class="command"><strong>nix-env
--delete-generations</strong></span> accepts a
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em><code class="literal">d</code> age limit.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now heuristically detects whether a build failure was
due to a disk-full condition. In that case, the build is not
flagged as “permanently failed”. This is mostly useful for Hydra,
which needs to distinguish between permanent and transient build
failures.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>There is a new symbol <code class="literal">__curPos</code> that
expands to an attribute set containing its file name and line and
column numbers, e.g. <code class="literal">{ file = "foo.nix"; line = 10;
column = 5; }</code>. There also is a new builtin function,
<code class="varname">unsafeGetAttrPos</code>, that returns the position of
an attribute. This is used by Nixpkgs to provide location
information in error messages, e.g.
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs&gt;' -A libreoffice --argstr system x86_64-darwin
error: the package ‘libreoffice-4.0.5.2’ in ‘.../applications/office/libreoffice/default.nix:263’
is not supported on ‘x86_64-darwin’
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The garbage collector is now more concurrent with other Nix
processes because it releases certain locks earlier.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The binary tarball installer has been improved. You can now
install Nix by running:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ bash &lt;(curl https://nixos.org/nix/install)
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>More evaluation errors include position information. For
instance, selecting a missing attribute will print something like
</p><pre class="screen">
error: attribute `nixUnstabl' missing, at /etc/nixos/configurations/misc/eelco/mandark.nix:216:15
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-setuid-helper</strong></span> is
gone.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix no longer uses Automake, but instead has a
non-recursive, GNU Make-based build system.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>All installed libraries now have the prefix
<code class="literal">libnix</code>. In particular, this gets rid of
<code class="literal">libutil</code>, which could clash with libraries with
the same name from other packages.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now requires a compiler that supports C++11.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from Danny Wilson, Domen Kožar,
Eelco Dolstra, Ian-Woo Kim, Ludovic Courtès, Maxim Ivanov, Petr
Rockai, Ricardo M. Correia and Shea Levy.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.6.1"></a>C.11. Release 1.6.1 (2013-10-28)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. Changes of interest
are:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Nix 1.6 accidentally changed the semantics of antiquoted
paths in strings, such as <code class="literal">"${/foo}/bar"</code>. This
release reverts to the Nix 1.5.3 behaviour.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Previously, Nix optimised expressions such as
<code class="literal">"${<em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em>}"</code> to
<em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em>. Thus it neither checked whether
<em class="replaceable"><code>expr</code></em> could be coerced to a string, nor
applied such coercions. This meant that
<code class="literal">"${123}"</code> evaluatued to <code class="literal">123</code>,
and <code class="literal">"${./foo}"</code> evaluated to
<code class="literal">./foo</code> (even though
<code class="literal">"${./foo} "</code> evaluates to
<code class="literal">"/nix/store/<em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em>-foo "</code>).
Nix now checks the type of antiquoted expressions and
applies coercions.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now shows the exact position of undefined variables. In
particular, undefined variable errors in a <code class="literal">with</code>
previously didn't show <span class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> position
information, so this makes it a lot easier to fix such
errors.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Undefined variables are now treated consistently.
Previously, the <code class="function">tryEval</code> function would catch
undefined variables inside a <code class="literal">with</code> but not
outside. Now <code class="function">tryEval</code> never catches undefined
variables.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Bash completion in <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> now works
correctly.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Stack traces are less verbose: they no longer show calls to
builtin functions and only show a single line for each derivation
on the call stack.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New built-in function: <code class="function">builtins.typeOf</code>,
which returns the type of its argument as a string.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.6.0"></a>C.12. Release 1.6 (2013-09-10)</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the usual bug fixes, this release has several new
features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-build --run-env</strong></span> has been
renamed to <span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> now sources
<code class="filename">$stdenv/setup</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>inside</em></span> the
interactive shell, rather than in a parent shell. This ensures
that shell functions defined by <code class="literal">stdenv</code> can be
used in the interactive shell.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> has a new flag
<code class="option">--pure</code> to clear the environment, so you get an
environment that more closely corresponds to the “real” Nix build.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-shell</strong></span> now sets the shell prompt
(<code class="envar">PS1</code>) to ensure that Nix shells are distinguishable
from your regular shells.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> no longer requires a
<code class="literal">*</code> argument to match all packages, so
<code class="literal">nix-env -qa</code> is equivalent to <code class="literal">nix-env
-qa '*'</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env -i</strong></span> has a new flag
<code class="option">--remove-all</code> (<code class="option">-r</code>) to remove all
previous packages from the profile. This makes it easier to do
declarative package management similar to NixOS’s
<code class="option">environment.systemPackages</code>. For instance, if you
have a specification <code class="filename">my-packages.nix</code> like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
with import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {};
[ thunderbird
geeqie
...
]
</pre><p>
then after any change to this file, you can run:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f my-packages.nix -ir
</pre><p>
to update your profile to match the specification.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The ‘<code class="literal">with</code>’ language construct is now more
lazy. It only evaluates its argument if a variable might actually
refer to an attribute in the argument. For instance, this now
works:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
let
pkgs = with pkgs; { foo = "old"; bar = foo; } // overrides;
overrides = { foo = "new"; };
in pkgs.bar
</pre><p>
This evaluates to <code class="literal">"new"</code>, while previously it
gave an “infinite recursion” error.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now has proper integer arithmetic operators. For
instance, you can write <code class="literal">x + y</code> instead of
<code class="literal">builtins.add x y</code>, or <code class="literal">x &lt;
y</code> instead of <code class="literal">builtins.lessThan x y</code>.
The comparison operators also work on strings.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>On 64-bit systems, Nix integers are now 64 bits rather than
32 bits.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>When using the Nix daemon, the <span class="command"><strong>nix-daemon</strong></span>
worker process now runs on the same CPU as the client, on systems
that support setting CPU affinity. This gives a significant speedup
on some systems.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If a stack overflow occurs in the Nix evaluator, you now get
a proper error message (rather than “Segmentation fault”) on some
systems.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In addition to directories, you can now bind-mount regular
files in chroots through the (now misnamed) option
<code class="option">build-chroot-dirs</code>.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from Domen Kožar, Eelco Dolstra,
Florian Friesdorf, Gergely Risko, Ivan Kozik, Ludovic Courtès and Shea
Levy.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.5.2"></a>C.13. Release 1.5.2 (2013-05-13)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. It has contributions from
Eelco Dolstra, Lluís Batlle i Rossell and Shea Levy.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.5"></a>C.14. Release 1.5 (2013-02-27)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is a brown paper bag release to fix a regression introduced
by the hard link security fix in 1.4.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.4"></a>C.15. Release 1.4 (2013-02-26)</h2></div></div></div><p>This release fixes a security bug in multi-user operation. It
was possible for derivations to cause the mode of files outside of the
Nix store to be changed to 444 (read-only but world-readable) by
creating hard links to those files (<a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix/commit/5526a282b5b44e9296e61e07d7d2626a79141ac4" target="_top">details</a>).</p><p>There are also the following improvements:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>New built-in function:
<code class="function">builtins.hashString</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Build logs are now stored in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/log/nix/drvs/<em class="replaceable"><code>XX</code></em>/</code>,
where <em class="replaceable"><code>XX</code></em> is the first two characters of
the derivation. This is useful on machines that keep a lot of build
logs (such as Hydra servers).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The function <code class="function">corepkgs/fetchurl</code>
can now make the downloaded file executable. This will allow
getting rid of all bootstrap binaries in the Nixpkgs source
tree.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Language change: The expression <code class="literal">"${./path}
..."</code> now evaluates to a string instead of a
path.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.3"></a>C.16. Release 1.3 (2013-01-04)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. When this version is first
run on Linux, it removes any immutable bits from the Nix store and
increases the schema version of the Nix store. (The previous release
removed support for setting the immutable bit; this release clears any
remaining immutable bits to make certain operations more
efficient.)</p><p>This release has contributions from Eelco Dolstra and Stuart
Pernsteiner.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.2"></a>C.17. Release 1.2 (2012-12-06)</h2></div></div></div><p>This release has the following improvements and changes:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Nix has a new binary substituter mechanism: the
<span class="emphasis"><em>binary cache</em></span>. A binary cache contains
pre-built binaries of Nix packages. Whenever Nix wants to build a
missing Nix store path, it will check a set of binary caches to
see if any of them has a pre-built binary of that path. The
configuration setting <code class="option">binary-caches</code> contains a
list of URLs of binary caches. For instance, doing
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i thunderbird --option binary-caches http://cache.nixos.org
</pre><p>
will install Thunderbird and its dependencies, using the available
pre-built binaries in <code class="uri">http://cache.nixos.org</code>.
The main advantage over the old “manifest”-based method of getting
pre-built binaries is that you don’t have to worry about your
manifest being in sync with the Nix expressions you’re installing
from; i.e., you don’t need to run <span class="command"><strong>nix-pull</strong></span> to
update your manifest. It’s also more scalable because you don’t
need to redownload a giant manifest file every time.
</p><p>A Nix channel can provide a binary cache URL that will be
used automatically if you subscribe to that channel. If you use
the Nixpkgs or NixOS channels
(<code class="uri">http://nixos.org/channels</code>) you automatically get the
cache <code class="uri">http://cache.nixos.org</code>.</p><p>Binary caches are created using <span class="command"><strong>nix-push</strong></span>.
For details on the operation and format of binary caches, see the
<span class="command"><strong>nix-push</strong></span> manpage. More details are provided in
<a class="link" href="https://nixos.org/nix-dev/2012-September/009826.html" target="_top">this
nix-dev posting</a>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Multiple output support should now be usable. A derivation
can declare that it wants to produce multiple store paths by
saying something like
</p><pre class="programlisting">
outputs = [ "lib" "headers" "doc" ];
</pre><p>
This will cause Nix to pass the intended store path of each output
to the builder through the environment variables
<code class="literal">lib</code>, <code class="literal">headers</code> and
<code class="literal">doc</code>. Other packages can refer to a specific
output by referring to
<code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>pkg</code></em>.<em class="replaceable"><code>output</code></em></code>,
e.g.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
buildInputs = [ pkg.lib pkg.headers ];
</pre><p>
If you install a package with multiple outputs using
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>, each output path will be symlinked
into the user environment.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Dashes are now valid as part of identifiers and attribute
names.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new operation <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --repair-path</strong></span>
allows corrupted or missing store paths to be repaired by
redownloading them. <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --verify --check-contents
--repair</strong></span> will scan and repair all paths in the Nix
store. Similarly, <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>
and <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --realise</strong></span> have a
<code class="option">--repair</code> flag to detect and fix bad paths by
rebuilding or redownloading them.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix no longer sets the immutable bit on files in the Nix
store. Instead, the recommended way to guard the Nix store
against accidental modification on Linux is to make it a read-only
bind mount, like this:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ mount --bind /nix/store /nix/store
$ mount -o remount,ro,bind /nix/store
</pre><p>
Nix will automatically make <code class="filename">/nix/store</code>
writable as needed (using a private mount namespace) to allow
modifications.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Store optimisation (replacing identical files in the store
with hard links) can now be done automatically every time a path
is added to the store. This is enabled by setting the
configuration option <code class="literal">auto-optimise-store</code> to
<code class="literal">true</code> (disabled by default).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now supports <span class="command"><strong>xz</strong></span> compression for NARs
in addition to <span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span>. It compresses about 30%
better on typical archives and decompresses about twice as
fast.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Basic Nix expression evaluation profiling: setting the
environment variable <code class="envar">NIX_COUNT_CALLS</code> to
<code class="literal">1</code> will cause Nix to print how many times each
primop or function was executed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New primops: <code class="varname">concatLists</code>,
<code class="varname">elem</code>, <code class="varname">elemAt</code> and
<code class="varname">filter</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span> has a new
flag <code class="option">--use-substitutes</code> (<code class="option">-s</code>) to
download missing paths on the target machine using the substitute
mechanism.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-worker</strong></span> has been renamed
to <span class="command"><strong>nix-daemon</strong></span>. Support for running the Nix
worker in “slave” mode has been removed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="option">--help</code> flag of every Nix command now
invokes <span class="command"><strong>man</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Chroot builds are now supported on systemd machines.</p></li></ul></div><p>This release has contributions from Eelco Dolstra, Florian
Friesdorf, Mats Erik Andersson and Shea Levy.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.1"></a>C.18. Release 1.1 (2012-07-18)</h2></div></div></div><p>This release has the following improvements:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>On Linux, when doing a chroot build, Nix now uses various
namespace features provided by the Linux kernel to improve
build isolation. Namely:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>The private network namespace ensures that
builders cannot talk to the outside world (or vice versa): each
build only sees a private loopback interface. This also means
that two concurrent builds can listen on the same port (e.g. as
part of a test) without conflicting with each
other.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The PID namespace causes each build to start as
PID 1. Processes outside of the chroot are not visible to those
on the inside. On the other hand, processes inside the chroot
<span class="emphasis"><em>are</em></span> visible from the outside (though with
different PIDs).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The IPC namespace prevents the builder from
communicating with outside processes using SysV IPC mechanisms
(shared memory, message queues, semaphores). It also ensures
that all IPC objects are destroyed when the builder
exits.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The UTS namespace ensures that builders see a
hostname of <code class="literal">localhost</code> rather than the actual
hostname.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The private mount namespace was already used by
Nix to ensure that the bind-mounts used to set up the chroot are
cleaned up automatically.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Build logs are now compressed using
<span class="command"><strong>bzip2</strong></span>. The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
-l</strong></span> decompresses them on the fly. This can be disabled
by setting the option <code class="literal">build-compress-log</code> to
<code class="literal">false</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The creation of build logs in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/log/nix/drvs</code> can be disabled by
setting the new option <code class="literal">build-keep-log</code> to
<code class="literal">false</code>. This is useful, for instance, for Hydra
build machines.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now reserves some space in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/db/reserved</code> to ensure that the
garbage collector can run successfully if the disk is full. This
is necessary because SQLite transactions fail if the disk is
full.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added a basic <code class="function">fetchurl</code> function. This
is not intended to replace the <code class="function">fetchurl</code> in
Nixpkgs, but is useful for bootstrapping; e.g., it will allow us
to get rid of the bootstrap binaries in the Nixpkgs source tree
and download them instead. You can use it by doing
<code class="literal">import &lt;nix/fetchurl.nix&gt; { url =
<em class="replaceable"><code>url</code></em>; sha256 =
"<em class="replaceable"><code>hash</code></em>"; }</code>. (Shea Levy)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Improved RPM spec file. (Michel Alexandre Salim)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Support for on-demand socket-based activation in the Nix
daemon with <span class="command"><strong>systemd</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added a manpage for
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">nix.conf</span>(5)</span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>When using the Nix daemon, the <code class="option">-s</code> flag in
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env -qa</strong></span> is now much faster.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-1.0"></a>C.19. Release 1.0 (2012-05-11)</h2></div></div></div><p>There have been numerous improvements and bug fixes since the
previous release. Here are the most significant:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Nix can now optionally use the Boehm garbage collector.
This significantly reduces the Nix evaluator’s memory footprint,
especially when evaluating large NixOS system configurations. It
can be enabled using the <code class="option">--enable-gc</code> configure
option.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now uses SQLite for its database. This is faster and
more flexible than the old <span class="emphasis"><em>ad hoc</em></span> format.
SQLite is also used to cache the manifests in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/manifests</code>, resulting in a
significant speedup.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now has an search path for expressions. The search path
is set using the environment variable <code class="envar">NIX_PATH</code> and
the <code class="option">-I</code> command line option. In Nix expressions,
paths between angle brackets are used to specify files that must
be looked up in the search path. For instance, the expression
<code class="literal">&lt;nixpkgs/default.nix&gt;</code> looks for a file
<code class="filename">nixpkgs/default.nix</code> relative to every element
in the search path.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new command <span class="command"><strong>nix-build --run-env</strong></span>
builds all dependencies of a derivation, then starts a shell in an
environment containing all variables from the derivation. This is
useful for reproducing the environment of a derivation for
development.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new command <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --verify-path</strong></span>
verifies that the contents of a store path have not
changed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new command <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --print-env</strong></span>
prints out the environment of a derivation in a format that can be
evaluated by a shell.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Attribute names can now be arbitrary strings. For instance,
you can write <code class="literal">{ "foo-1.2" = …; "bla bla" = …; }."bla
bla"</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Attribute selection can now provide a default value using
the <code class="literal">or</code> operator. For instance, the expression
<code class="literal">x.y.z or e</code> evaluates to the attribute
<code class="literal">x.y.z</code> if it exists, and <code class="literal">e</code>
otherwise.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The right-hand side of the <code class="literal">?</code> operator can
now be an attribute path, e.g., <code class="literal">attrs ?
a.b.c</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>On Linux, Nix will now make files in the Nix store immutable
on filesystems that support it. This prevents accidental
modification of files in the store by the root user.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix has preliminary support for derivations with multiple
outputs. This is useful because it allows parts of a package to
be deployed and garbage-collected separately. For instance,
development parts of a package such as header files or static
libraries would typically not be part of the closure of an
application, resulting in reduced disk usage and installation
time.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The Nix store garbage collector is faster and holds the
global lock for a shorter amount of time.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The option <code class="option">--timeout</code> (corresponding to the
configuration setting <code class="literal">build-timeout</code>) allows you
to set an absolute timeout on builds — if a build runs for more than
the given number of seconds, it is terminated. This is useful for
recovering automatically from builds that are stuck in an infinite
loop but keep producing output, and for which
<code class="literal">--max-silent-time</code> is ineffective.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix development has moved to GitHub (<a class="link" href="https://github.com/NixOS/nix" target="_top">https://github.com/NixOS/nix</a>).</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-0.16"></a>C.20. Release 0.16 (2010-08-17)</h2></div></div></div><p>This release has the following improvements:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>The Nix expression evaluator is now much faster in most
cases: typically, <a class="link" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/nix-dev@cs.uu.nl/msg04113.html" target="_top">3
to 8 times compared to the old implementation</a>. It also
uses less memory. It no longer depends on the ATerm
library.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Support for configurable parallelism inside builders. Build
scripts have always had the ability to perform multiple build
actions in parallel (for instance, by running <span class="command"><strong>make -j
2</strong></span>), but this was not desirable because the number of
actions to be performed in parallel was not configurable. Nix
now has an option <code class="option">--cores
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code> as well as a configuration
setting <code class="varname">build-cores =
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code> that causes the
environment variable <code class="envar">NIX_BUILD_CORES</code> to be set to
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em> when the builder is invoked. The
builder can use this at its discretion to perform a parallel
build, e.g., by calling <span class="command"><strong>make -j
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></strong></span>. In Nixpkgs, this can be
enabled on a per-package basis by setting the derivation
attribute <code class="varname">enableParallelBuilding</code> to
<code class="literal">true</code>.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store -q</strong></span> now supports XML output
through the <code class="option">--xml</code> flag.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Several bug fixes.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-0.15"></a>C.21. Release 0.15 (2010-03-17)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is a bug-fix release. Among other things, it fixes
building on Mac OS X (Snow Leopard), and improves the contents of
<code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and <code class="filename">/etc/group</code>
in <code class="literal">chroot</code> builds.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-0.14"></a>C.22. Release 0.14 (2010-02-04)</h2></div></div></div><p>This release has the following improvements:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>The garbage collector now starts deleting garbage much
faster than before. It no longer determines liveness of all paths
in the store, but does so on demand.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added a new operation, <span class="command"><strong>nix-store --query
--roots</strong></span>, that shows the garbage collector roots that
directly or indirectly point to the given store paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Removed support for converting Berkeley DB-based Nix
databases to the new schema.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Removed the <code class="option">--use-atime</code> and
<code class="option">--max-atime</code> garbage collector options. They were
not very useful in practice.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>On Windows, Nix now requires Cygwin 1.7.x.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A few bug fixes.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-0.13"></a>C.23. Release 0.13 (2009-11-05)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is primarily a bug fix release. It has some new
features:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Syntactic sugar for writing nested attribute sets. Instead of
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{
foo = {
bar = 123;
xyzzy = true;
};
a = { b = { c = "d"; }; };
}
</pre><p>
you can write
</p><pre class="programlisting">
{
foo.bar = 123;
foo.xyzzy = true;
a.b.c = "d";
}
</pre><p>
This is useful, for instance, in NixOS configuration files.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Support for Nix channels generated by Hydra, the Nix-based
continuous build system. (Hydra generates NAR archives on the
fly, so the size and hash of these archives isn’t known in
advance.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Support <code class="literal">i686-linux</code> builds directly on
<code class="literal">x86_64-linux</code> Nix installations. This is
implemented using the <code class="function">personality()</code> syscall,
which causes <span class="command"><strong>uname</strong></span> to return
<code class="literal">i686</code> in child processes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Various improvements to the <code class="literal">chroot</code>
support. Building in a <code class="literal">chroot</code> works quite well
now.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix no longer blocks if it tries to build a path and another
process is already building the same path. Instead it tries to
build another buildable path first. This improves
parallelism.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Support for large (&gt; 4 GiB) files in NAR archives.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Various (performance) improvements to the remote build
mechanism.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New primops: <code class="varname">builtins.addErrorContext</code> (to
add a string to stack traces — useful for debugging),
<code class="varname">builtins.isBool</code>,
<code class="varname">builtins.isString</code>,
<code class="varname">builtins.isInt</code>,
<code class="varname">builtins.intersectAttrs</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>OpenSolaris support (Sander van der Burg).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Stack traces are no longer displayed unless the
<code class="option">--show-trace</code> option is used.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The scoping rules for <code class="literal">inherit
(<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em>) ...</code> in recursive
attribute sets have changed. The expression
<em class="replaceable"><code>e</code></em> can now refer to the attributes
defined in the containing set.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-0.12"></a>C.24. Release 0.12 (2008-11-20)</h2></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Nix no longer uses Berkeley DB to store Nix store metadata.
The principal advantages of the new storage scheme are: it works
properly over decent implementations of NFS (allowing Nix stores
to be shared between multiple machines); no recovery is needed
when a Nix process crashes; no write access is needed for
read-only operations; no more running out of Berkeley DB locks on
certain operations.</p><p>You still need to compile Nix with Berkeley DB support if
you want Nix to automatically convert your old Nix store to the
new schema. If you don’t need this, you can build Nix with the
<code class="filename">configure</code> option
<code class="option">--disable-old-db-compat</code>.</p><p>After the automatic conversion to the new schema, you can
delete the old Berkeley DB files:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ cd /nix/var/nix/db
$ rm __db* log.* derivers references referrers reserved validpaths DB_CONFIG</pre><p>
The new metadata is stored in the directories
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/db/info</code> and
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/db/referrer</code>. Though the
metadata is stored in human-readable plain-text files, they are
not intended to be human-editable, as Nix is rather strict about
the format.</p><p>The new storage schema may or may not require less disk
space than the Berkeley DB environment, mostly depending on the
cluster size of your file system. With 1 KiB clusters (which
seems to be the <code class="literal">ext3</code> default nowadays) it
usually takes up much less space.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>There is a new substituter that copies paths
directly from other (remote) Nix stores mounted somewhere in the
filesystem. For instance, you can speed up an installation by
mounting some remote Nix store that already has the packages in
question via NFS or <code class="literal">sshfs</code>. The environment
variable <code class="envar">NIX_OTHER_STORES</code> specifies the locations of
the remote Nix directories,
e.g. <code class="literal">/mnt/remote-fs/nix</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New <span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span> operations
<code class="option">--dump-db</code> and <code class="option">--load-db</code> to dump
and reload the Nix database.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The garbage collector has a number of new options to
allow only some of the garbage to be deleted. The option
<code class="option">--max-freed <em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code> tells the
collector to stop after at least <em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em> bytes
have been deleted. The option <code class="option">--max-links
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em></code> tells it to stop after the
link count on <code class="filename">/nix/store</code> has dropped below
<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em>. This is useful for very large Nix
stores on filesystems with a 32000 subdirectories limit (like
<code class="literal">ext3</code>). The option <code class="option">--use-atime</code>
causes store paths to be deleted in order of ascending last access
time. This allows non-recently used stuff to be deleted. The
option <code class="option">--max-atime <em class="replaceable"><code>time</code></em></code>
specifies an upper limit to the last accessed time of paths that may
be deleted. For instance,
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --gc -v --max-atime $(date +%s -d "2 months ago")</pre><p>
deletes everything that hasn’t been accessed in two months.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> now uses optimistic
profile locking when performing an operation like installing or
upgrading, instead of setting an exclusive lock on the profile.
This allows multiple <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -i / -u / -e</strong></span>
operations on the same profile in parallel. If a
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> operation sees at the end that the profile
was changed in the meantime by another process, it will just
restart. This is generally cheap because the build results are
still in the Nix store.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The option <code class="option">--dry-run</code> is now
supported by <span class="command"><strong>nix-store -r</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The information previously shown by
<code class="option">--dry-run</code> (i.e., which derivations will be built
and which paths will be substituted) is now always shown by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-store -r</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>. The total download size of
substitutable paths is now also shown. For instance, a build will
show something like
</p><pre class="screen">
the following derivations will be built:
/nix/store/129sbxnk5n466zg6r1qmq1xjv9zymyy7-activate-configuration.sh.drv
/nix/store/7mzy971rdm8l566ch8hgxaf89x7lr7ik-upstart-jobs.drv
...
the following paths will be downloaded/copied (30.02 MiB):
/nix/store/4m8pvgy2dcjgppf5b4cj5l6wyshjhalj-samba-3.2.4
/nix/store/7h1kwcj29ip8vk26rhmx6bfjraxp0g4l-libunwind-0.98.6
...</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Language features:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>@-patterns as in Haskell. For instance, in a
function definition
</p><pre class="programlisting">f = args @ {x, y, z}: <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>;</pre><p>
<code class="varname">args</code> refers to the argument as a whole, which
is further pattern-matched against the attribute set pattern
<code class="literal">{x, y, z}</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>“<code class="literal">...</code>” (ellipsis) patterns.
An attribute set pattern can now say <code class="literal">...</code> at
the end of the attribute name list to specify that the function
takes <span class="emphasis"><em>at least</em></span> the listed attributes, while
ignoring additional attributes. For instance,
</p><pre class="programlisting">{stdenv, fetchurl, fuse, ...}: <em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em></pre><p>
defines a function that accepts any attribute set that includes
at least the three listed attributes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New primops:
<code class="varname">builtins.parseDrvName</code> (split a package name
string like <code class="literal">"nix-0.12pre12876"</code> into its name
and version components, e.g. <code class="literal">"nix"</code> and
<code class="literal">"0.12pre12876"</code>),
<code class="varname">builtins.compareVersions</code> (compare two version
strings using the same algorithm that <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>
uses), <code class="varname">builtins.length</code> (efficiently compute
the length of a list), <code class="varname">builtins.mul</code> (integer
multiplication), <code class="varname">builtins.div</code> (integer
division).
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span> now supports
<code class="literal">mirror://</code> URLs, provided that the environment
variable <code class="envar">NIXPKGS_ALL</code> points at a Nixpkgs
tree.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Removed the commands
<span class="command"><strong>nix-pack-closure</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-unpack-closure</strong></span>. You can do almost the same
thing but much more efficiently by doing <code class="literal">nix-store --export
$(nix-store -qR <em class="replaceable"><code>paths</code></em>) &gt; closure</code> and
<code class="literal">nix-store --import &lt;
closure</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Lots of bug fixes, including a big performance bug in
the handling of <code class="literal">with</code>-expressions.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ssec-relnotes-0.11"></a>C.25. Release 0.11 (2007-12-31)</h2></div></div></div><p>Nix 0.11 has many improvements over the previous stable release.
The most important improvement is secure multi-user support. It also
features many usability enhancements and language extensions, many of
them prompted by NixOS, the purely functional Linux distribution based
on Nix. Here is an (incomplete) list:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Secure multi-user support. A single Nix store can
now be shared between multiple (possible untrusted) users. This is
an important feature for NixOS, where it allows non-root users to
install software. The old setuid method for sharing a store between
multiple users has been removed. Details for setting up a
multi-user store can be found in the manual.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new command <span class="command"><strong>nix-copy-closure</strong></span>
gives you an easy and efficient way to exchange software between
machines. It copies the missing parts of the closure of a set of
store path to or from a remote machine via
<span class="command"><strong>ssh</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A new kind of string literal: strings between double
single-quotes (<code class="literal">''</code>) have indentation
“intelligently” removed. This allows large strings (such as shell
scripts or configuration file fragments in NixOS) to cleanly follow
the indentation of the surrounding expression. It also requires
much less escaping, since <code class="literal">''</code> is less common in
most languages than <code class="literal">"</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> <code class="option">--set</code>
modifies the current generation of a profile so that it contains
exactly the specified derivation, and nothing else. For example,
<code class="literal">nix-env -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/browser --set
firefox</code> lets the profile named
<code class="filename">browser</code> contain just Firefox.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> now maintains
meta-information about installed packages in profiles. The
meta-information is the contents of the <code class="varname">meta</code>
attribute of derivations, such as <code class="varname">description</code> or
<code class="varname">homepage</code>. The command <code class="literal">nix-env -q --xml
--meta</code> shows all meta-information.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> now uses the
<code class="varname">meta.priority</code> attribute of derivations to resolve
filename collisions between packages. Lower priority values denote
a higher priority. For instance, the GCC wrapper package and the
Binutils package in Nixpkgs both have a file
<code class="filename">bin/ld</code>, so previously if you tried to install
both you would get a collision. Now, on the other hand, the GCC
wrapper declares a higher priority than Binutils, so the former’s
<code class="filename">bin/ld</code> is symlinked in the user
environment.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env -i / -u</strong></span>: instead of
breaking package ties by version, break them by priority and version
number. That is, if there are multiple packages with the same name,
then pick the package with the highest priority, and only use the
version if there are multiple packages with the same
priority.</p><p>This makes it possible to mark specific versions/variant in
Nixpkgs more or less desirable than others. A typical example would
be a beta version of some package (e.g.,
<code class="literal">gcc-4.2.0rc1</code>) which should not be installed even
though it is the highest version, except when it is explicitly
selected (e.g., <code class="literal">nix-env -i
gcc-4.2.0rc1</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env --set-flag</strong></span> allows meta
attributes of installed packages to be modified. There are several
attributes that can be usefully modified, because they affect the
behaviour of <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> or the user environment
build script:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">meta.priority</code> can be changed
to resolve filename clashes (see above).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">meta.keep</code> can be set to
<code class="literal">true</code> to prevent the package from being
upgraded or replaced. Useful if you want to hang on to an older
version of a package.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="varname">meta.active</code> can be set to
<code class="literal">false</code> to “disable” the package. That is, no
symlinks will be generated to the files of the package, but it
remains part of the profile (so it won’t be garbage-collected).
Set it back to <code class="literal">true</code> to re-enable the
package.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env -q</strong></span> now has a flag
<code class="option">--prebuilt-only</code> (<code class="option">-b</code>) that causes
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> to show only those derivations whose
output is already in the Nix store or that can be substituted (i.e.,
downloaded from somewhere). In other words, it shows the packages
that can be installed “quickly”, i.e., don’t need to be built from
source. The <code class="option">-b</code> flag is also available in
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env -i</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -u</strong></span> to
filter out derivations for which no pre-built binary is
available.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new option <code class="option">--argstr</code> (in
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>) is like <code class="option">--arg</code>, except
that the value is a string. For example, <code class="literal">--argstr system
i686-linux</code> is equivalent to <code class="literal">--arg system
\"i686-linux\"</code> (note that <code class="option">--argstr</code>
prevents annoying quoting around shell arguments).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span> has a new operation
<code class="option">--read-log</code> (<code class="option">-l</code>)
<em class="parameter"><code>paths</code></em> that shows the build log of the given
paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now uses Berkeley DB 4.5. The database is
upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not to use old
versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.4.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The option <code class="option">--max-silent-time</code>
(corresponding to the configuration setting
<code class="literal">build-max-silent-time</code>) allows you to set a
timeout on builds — if a build produces no output on
<code class="literal">stdout</code> or <code class="literal">stderr</code> for the given
number of seconds, it is terminated. This is useful for recovering
automatically from builds that are stuck in an infinite
loop.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-channel</strong></span>: each subscribed
channel is its own attribute in the top-level expression generated
for the channel. This allows disambiguation (e.g. <code class="literal">nix-env
-i -A nixpkgs_unstable.firefox</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The substitutes table has been removed from the
database. This makes operations such as <span class="command"><strong>nix-pull</strong></span>
and <span class="command"><strong>nix-channel --update</strong></span> much, much
faster.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-pull</strong></span> now supports
bzip2-compressed manifests. This speeds up
channels.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span> now has a
limited form of caching. This is used by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-channel</strong></span> to prevent unnecessary downloads when
the channel hasn’t changed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-prefetch-url</strong></span> now by default
computes the SHA-256 hash of the file instead of the MD5 hash. In
calls to <code class="function">fetchurl</code> you should pass the
<code class="literal">sha256</code> attribute instead of
<code class="literal">md5</code>. You can pass either a hexadecimal or a
base-32 encoding of the hash.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix can now perform builds in an automatically
generated “chroot”. This prevents a builder from accessing stuff
outside of the Nix store, and thus helps ensure purity. This is an
experimental feature.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new command <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--optimise</strong></span> reduces Nix store disk space usage by finding
identical files in the store and hard-linking them to each other.
It typically reduces the size of the store by something like
25-35%.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code> can now be a
directory, in which case the Nix expressions in that directory are
combined into an attribute set, with the file names used as the
names of the attributes. The command <span class="command"><strong>nix-env
--import</strong></span> (which set the
<code class="filename">~/.nix-defexpr</code> symlink) is
removed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Derivations can specify the new special attribute
<code class="varname">allowedReferences</code> to enforce that the references
in the output of a derivation are a subset of a declared set of
paths. For example, if <code class="varname">allowedReferences</code> is an
empty list, then the output must not have any references. This is
used in NixOS to check that generated files such as initial ramdisks
for booting Linux don’t have any dependencies.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The new attribute
<code class="varname">exportReferencesGraph</code> allows builders access to
the references graph of their inputs. This is used in NixOS for
tasks such as generating ISO-9660 images that contain a Nix store
populated with the closure of certain paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Fixed-output derivations (like
<code class="function">fetchurl</code>) can define the attribute
<code class="varname">impureEnvVars</code> to allow external environment
variables to be passed to builders. This is used in Nixpkgs to
support proxy configuration, among other things.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Several new built-in functions:
<code class="function">builtins.attrNames</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.filterSource</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.isAttrs</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.isFunction</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.listToAttrs</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.stringLength</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.sub</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.substring</code>,
<code class="function">throw</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.trace</code>,
<code class="function">builtins.readFile</code>.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.10.1"></a>C.26. Release 0.10.1 (2006-10-11)</h2></div></div></div><p>This release fixes two somewhat obscure bugs that occur when
evaluating Nix expressions that are stored inside the Nix store
(<code class="literal">NIX-67</code>). These do not affect most users.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.10"></a>C.27. Release 0.10 (2006-10-06)</h2></div></div></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>This version of Nix uses Berkeley DB 4.4 instead of 4.3.
The database is upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not
to use old versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.3. In
particular, if you use a Nix installed through Nix, you should run
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --clear-substitutes</pre><p>
first.</p></div><div class="warning"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Also, the database schema has changed slighted to fix a
performance issue (see below). When you run any Nix 0.10 command for
the first time, the database will be upgraded automatically. This is
irreversible.</p></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> usability improvements:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>An option <code class="option">--compare-versions</code>
(or <code class="option">-c</code>) has been added to <span class="command"><strong>nix-env
--query</strong></span> to allow you to compare installed versions of
packages to available versions, or vice versa. An easy way to
see if you are up to date with what’s in your subscribed
channels is <code class="literal">nix-env -qc \*</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-env --query</code> now takes as
arguments a list of package names about which to show
information, just like <code class="option">--install</code>, etc.: for
example, <code class="literal">nix-env -q gcc</code>. Note that to show
all derivations, you need to specify
<code class="literal">\*</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-env -i
<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgname</code></em></code> will now install
the highest available version of
<em class="replaceable"><code>pkgname</code></em>, rather than installing all
available versions (which would probably give collisions)
(<code class="literal">NIX-31</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-env (-i|-u) --dry-run</code> now
shows exactly which missing paths will be built or
substituted.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-env -qa --description</code>
shows human-readable descriptions of packages, provided that
they have a <code class="literal">meta.description</code> attribute (which
most packages in Nixpkgs don’t have yet).</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New language features:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Reference scanning (which happens after each
build) is much faster and takes a constant amount of
memory.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>String interpolation. Expressions like
</p><pre class="programlisting">
"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"</pre><p>
can now be written as
</p><pre class="programlisting">
"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"</pre><p>
You can write arbitrary expressions within
<code class="literal">${<em class="replaceable"><code>...</code></em>}</code>, not just
identifiers.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Multi-line string literals.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>String concatenations can now involve
derivations, as in the example <code class="code">"--with-freetype2-library="
+ freetype + "/lib"</code>. This was not previously possible
because we need to register that a derivation that uses such a
string is dependent on <code class="literal">freetype</code>. The
evaluator now properly propagates this information.
Consequently, the subpath operator (<code class="literal">~</code>) has
been deprecated.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Default values of function arguments can now
refer to other function arguments; that is, all arguments are in
scope in the default values
(<code class="literal">NIX-45</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Lots of new built-in primitives, such as
functions for list manipulation and integer arithmetic. See the
manual for a complete list. All primops are now available in
the set <code class="varname">builtins</code>, allowing one to test for
the availability of primop in a backwards-compatible
way.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Real let-expressions: <code class="literal">let x = ...;
... z = ...; in ...</code>.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New commands <span class="command"><strong>nix-pack-closure</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-unpack-closure</strong></span> than can be used to easily
transfer a store path with all its dependencies to another machine.
Very convenient whenever you have some package on your machine and
you want to copy it somewhere else.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>XML support:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-env -q --xml</code> prints the
installed or available packages in an XML representation for
easy processing by other tools.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-instantiate --eval-only
--xml</code> prints an XML representation of the resulting
term. (The new flag <code class="option">--strict</code> forces ‘deep’
evaluation of the result, i.e., list elements and attributes are
evaluated recursively.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In Nix expressions, the primop
<code class="function">builtins.toXML</code> converts a term to an XML
representation. This is primarily useful for passing structured
information to builders.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>You can now unambiguously specify which derivation to
build or install in <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>,
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span>
using the <code class="option">--attr</code> / <code class="option">-A</code> flags, which
takes an attribute name as argument. (Unlike symbolic package names
such as <code class="literal">subversion-1.4.0</code>, attribute names in an
attribute set are unique.) For instance, a quick way to perform a
test build of a package in Nixpkgs is <code class="literal">nix-build
pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix -A
<em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em></code>. <code class="literal">nix-env -q
--attr</code> shows the attribute names corresponding to each
derivation.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>If the top-level Nix expression used by
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span> or
<span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> evaluates to a function whose arguments
all have default values, the function will be called automatically.
Also, the new command-line switch <code class="option">--arg
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em></code> can be used to specify
function arguments on the command line.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-install-package --url
<em class="replaceable"><code>URL</code></em></code> allows a package to be
installed directly from the given URL.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now works behind an HTTP proxy server; just set
the standard environment variables <code class="envar">http_proxy</code>,
<code class="envar">https_proxy</code>, <code class="envar">ftp_proxy</code> or
<code class="envar">all_proxy</code> appropriately. Functions such as
<code class="function">fetchurl</code> in Nixpkgs also respect these
variables.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-build -o
<em class="replaceable"><code>symlink</code></em></code> allows the symlink to
the build result to be named something other than
<code class="literal">result</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Platform support:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Support for 64-bit platforms, provided a <a class="link" href="http://bugzilla.sen.cwi.nl:8080/show_bug.cgi?id=606" target="_top">suitably
patched ATerm library</a> is used. Also, files larger than 2
GiB are now supported.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added support for Cygwin (Windows,
<code class="literal">i686-cygwin</code>), Mac OS X on Intel
(<code class="literal">i686-darwin</code>) and Linux on PowerPC
(<code class="literal">powerpc-linux</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Users of SMP and multicore machines will
appreciate that the number of builds to be performed in parallel
can now be specified in the configuration file in the
<code class="literal">build-max-jobs</code> setting.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Garbage collector improvements:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Open files (such as running programs) are now
used as roots of the garbage collector. This prevents programs
that have been uninstalled from being garbage collected while
they are still running. The script that detects these
additional runtime roots
(<code class="filename">find-runtime-roots.pl</code>) is inherently
system-specific, but it should work on Linux and on all
platforms that have the <span class="command"><strong>lsof</strong></span>
utility.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-store --gc</code>
(a.k.a. <span class="command"><strong>nix-collect-garbage</strong></span>) prints out the
number of bytes freed on standard output. <code class="literal">nix-store
--gc --print-dead</code> shows how many bytes would be freed
by an actual garbage collection.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">nix-collect-garbage -d</code>
removes all old generations of <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> profiles
before calling the actual garbage collector (<code class="literal">nix-store
--gc</code>). This is an easy way to get rid of all old
packages in the Nix store.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store</strong></span> now has an
operation <code class="option">--delete</code> to delete specific paths
from the Nix store. It won’t delete reachable (non-garbage)
paths unless <code class="option">--ignore-liveness</code> is
specified.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Berkeley DB 4.4’s process registry feature is used
to recover from crashed Nix processes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A performance issue has been fixed with the
<code class="literal">referer</code> table, which stores the inverse of the
<code class="literal">references</code> table (i.e., it tells you what store
paths refer to a given path). Maintaining this table could take a
quadratic amount of time, as well as a quadratic amount of Berkeley
DB log file space (in particular when running the garbage collector)
(<code class="literal">NIX-23</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now catches the <code class="literal">TERM</code> and
<code class="literal">HUP</code> signals in addition to the
<code class="literal">INT</code> signal. So you can now do a <code class="literal">killall
nix-store</code> without triggering a database
recovery.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>bsdiff</strong></span> updated to version
4.3.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Substantial performance improvements in expression
evaluation and <code class="literal">nix-env -qa</code>, all thanks to <a class="link" href="http://valgrind.org/" target="_top">Valgrind</a>. Memory use has
been reduced by a factor 8 or so. Big speedup by memoisation of
path hashing.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Lots of bug fixes, notably:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Make sure that the garbage collector can run
successfully when the disk is full
(<code class="literal">NIX-18</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> now locks the profile
to prevent races between concurrent <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span>
operations on the same profile
(<code class="literal">NIX-7</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Removed misleading messages from
<code class="literal">nix-env -i</code> (e.g., <code class="literal">installing
`foo'</code> followed by <code class="literal">uninstalling
`foo'</code>) (<code class="literal">NIX-17</code>).</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix source distributions are a lot smaller now since
we no longer include a full copy of the Berkeley DB source
distribution (but only the bits we need).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Header files are now installed so that external
programs can use the Nix libraries.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.9.2"></a>C.28. Release 0.9.2 (2005-09-21)</h2></div></div></div><p>This bug fix release fixes two problems on Mac OS X:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>If Nix was linked against statically linked versions
of the ATerm or Berkeley DB library, there would be dynamic link
errors at runtime.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-pull</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-push</strong></span> intermittently failed due to race
conditions involving pipes and child processes with error messages
such as <code class="literal">open2: open(GLOB(0x180b2e4), &gt;&amp;=9) failed: Bad
file descriptor at /nix/bin/nix-pull line 77</code> (issue
<code class="literal">NIX-14</code>).</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.9.1"></a>C.29. Release 0.9.1 (2005-09-20)</h2></div></div></div><p>This bug fix release addresses a problem with the ATerm library
when the <code class="option">--with-aterm</code> flag in
<span class="command"><strong>configure</strong></span> was <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> used.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.9"></a>C.30. Release 0.9 (2005-09-16)</h2></div></div></div><p>NOTE: this version of Nix uses Berkeley DB 4.3 instead of 4.2.
The database is upgraded automatically, but you should be careful not
to use old versions of Nix that still use Berkeley DB 4.2. In
particular, if you use a Nix installed through Nix, you should run
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store --clear-substitutes</pre><p>
first.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Unpacking of patch sequences is much faster now
since we no longer do redundant unpacking and repacking of
intermediate paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now uses Berkeley DB 4.3.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The <code class="function">derivation</code> primitive is
lazier. Attributes of dependent derivations can mutually refer to
each other (as long as there are no data dependencies on the
<code class="varname">outPath</code> and <code class="varname">drvPath</code> attributes
computed by <code class="function">derivation</code>).</p><p>For example, the expression <code class="literal">derivation
attrs</code> now evaluates to (essentially)
</p><pre class="programlisting">
attrs // {
type = "derivation";
outPath = derivation! attrs;
drvPath = derivation! attrs;
}</pre><p>
where <code class="function">derivation!</code> is a primop that does the
actual derivation instantiation (i.e., it does what
<code class="function">derivation</code> used to do). The advantage is that
it allows commands such as <span class="command"><strong>nix-env -qa</strong></span> and
<span class="command"><strong>nix-env -i</strong></span> to be much faster since they no longer
need to instantiate all derivations, just the
<code class="varname">name</code> attribute.</p><p>Also, it allows derivations to cyclically reference each
other, for example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
webServer = derivation {
...
hostName = "svn.cs.uu.nl";
services = [svnService];
};
svnService = derivation {
...
hostName = webServer.hostName;
};</pre><p>
Previously, this would yield a black hole (infinite recursion).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> now defaults to using
<code class="filename">./default.nix</code> if no Nix expression is
specified.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span>, when applied to
a Nix expression that evaluates to a function, will call the
function automatically if all its arguments have
defaults.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix now uses libtool to build dynamic libraries.
This reduces the size of executables.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A new list concatenation operator
<code class="literal">++</code>. For example, <code class="literal">[1 2 3] ++ [4 5
6]</code> evaluates to <code class="literal">[1 2 3 4 5
6]</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Some currently undocumented primops to support
low-level build management using Nix (i.e., using Nix as a Make
replacement). See the commit messages for <code class="literal">r3578</code>
and <code class="literal">r3580</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Various bug fixes and performance
improvements.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.8.1"></a>C.31. Release 0.8.1 (2005-04-13)</h2></div></div></div><p>This is a bug fix release.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Patch downloading was broken.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The garbage collector would not delete paths that
had references from invalid (but substitutable)
paths.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.8"></a>C.32. Release 0.8 (2005-04-11)</h2></div></div></div><p>NOTE: the hashing scheme in Nix 0.8 changed (as detailed below).
As a result, <span class="command"><strong>nix-pull</strong></span> manifests and channels built
for Nix 0.7 and below will not work anymore. However, the Nix
expression language has not changed, so you can still build from
source. Also, existing user environments continue to work. Nix 0.8
will automatically upgrade the database schema of previous
installations when it is first run.</p><p>If you get the error message
</p><pre class="screen">
you have an old-style manifest `/nix/var/nix/manifests/[...]'; please
delete it</pre><p>
you should delete previously downloaded manifests:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ rm /nix/var/nix/manifests/*</pre><p>
If <span class="command"><strong>nix-channel</strong></span> gives the error message
</p><pre class="screen">
manifest `http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nix/channels/[channel]/MANIFEST'
is too old (i.e., for Nix &lt;= 0.7)</pre><p>
then you should unsubscribe from the offending channel
(<span class="command"><strong>nix-channel --remove
<em class="replaceable"><code>URL</code></em></strong></span>; leave out
<code class="literal">/MANIFEST</code>), and subscribe to the same URL, with
<code class="literal">channels</code> replaced by <code class="literal">channels-v3</code>
(e.g., <a class="link" href="http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nix/channels-v3/nixpkgs-unstable" target="_top">http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nix/channels-v3/nixpkgs-unstable</a>).</p><p>Nix 0.8 has the following improvements:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>The cryptographic hashes used in store paths are now
160 bits long, but encoded in base-32 so that they are still only 32
characters long (e.g.,
<code class="filename">/nix/store/csw87wag8bqlqk7ipllbwypb14xainap-atk-1.9.0</code>).
(This is actually a 160 bit truncation of a SHA-256
hash.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Big cleanups and simplifications of the basic store
semantics. The notion of “closure store expressions” is gone (and
so is the notion of “successors”); the file system references of a
store path are now just stored in the database.</p><p>For instance, given any store path, you can query its closure:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -qR $(which firefox)
... lots of paths ...</pre><p>
Also, Nix now remembers for each store path the derivation that
built it (the “deriver”):
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -qR $(which firefox)
/nix/store/4b0jx7vq80l9aqcnkszxhymsf1ffa5jd-firefox-1.0.1.drv</pre><p>
So to see the build-time dependencies, you can do
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -qR $(nix-store -qd $(which firefox))</pre><p>
or, in a nicer format:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -q --tree $(nix-store -qd $(which firefox))</pre><p>
</p><p>File system references are also stored in reverse. For
instance, you can query all paths that directly or indirectly use a
certain Glibc:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-store -q --referrers-closure \
/nix/store/8lz9yc6zgmc0vlqmn2ipcpkjlmbi51vv-glibc-2.3.4</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The concept of fixed-output derivations has been
formalised. Previously, functions such as
<code class="function">fetchurl</code> in Nixpkgs used a hack (namely,
explicitly specifying a store path hash) to prevent changes to, say,
the URL of the file from propagating upwards through the dependency
graph, causing rebuilds of everything. This can now be done cleanly
by specifying the <code class="varname">outputHash</code> and
<code class="varname">outputHashAlgo</code> attributes. Nix itself checks
that the content of the output has the specified hash. (This is
important for maintaining certain invariants necessary for future
work on secure shared stores.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>One-click installation :-) It is now possible to
install any top-level component in Nixpkgs directly, through the web
— see, e.g., <a class="link" href="http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nixpkgs-0.8/" target="_top">http://catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl/dist/nixpkgs-0.8/</a>.
All you have to do is associate
<code class="filename">/nix/bin/nix-install-package</code> with the MIME type
<code class="literal">application/nix-package</code> (or the extension
<code class="filename">.nixpkg</code>), and clicking on a package link will
cause it to be installed, with all appropriate dependencies. If you
just want to install some specific application, this is easier than
subscribing to a channel.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-store -r
<em class="replaceable"><code>PATHS</code></em></strong></span> now builds all the
derivations PATHS in parallel. Previously it did them sequentially
(though exploiting possible parallelism between subderivations).
This is nice for build farms.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-channel</strong></span> has new operations
<code class="option">--list</code> and
<code class="option">--remove</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New ways of installing components into user
environments:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Copy from another user environment:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i --from-profile .../other-profile firefox</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Install a store derivation directly (bypassing the
Nix expression language entirely):
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/z58v41v21xd3...-aterm-2.3.1.drv</pre><p>
(This is used to implement <span class="command"><strong>nix-install-package</strong></span>,
which is therefore immune to evolution in the Nix expression
language.)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Install an already built store path directly:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/hsyj5pbn0d9i...-aterm-2.3.1</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Install the result of a Nix expression specified
as a command-line argument:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ nix-env -f .../i686-linux.nix -i -E 'x: x.firefoxWrapper'</pre><p>
The difference with the normal installation mode is that
<code class="option">-E</code> does not use the <code class="varname">name</code>
attributes of derivations. Therefore, this can be used to
disambiguate multiple derivations with the same
name.</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>A hash of the contents of a store path is now stored
in the database after a successful build. This allows you to check
whether store paths have been tampered with: <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--verify --check-contents</strong></span>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Implemented a concurrent garbage collector. It is now
always safe to run the garbage collector, even if other Nix
operations are happening simultaneously.</p><p>However, there can still be GC races if you use
<span class="command"><strong>nix-instantiate</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>nix-store
--realise</strong></span> directly to build things. To prevent races,
use the <code class="option">--add-root</code> flag of those commands.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The garbage collector now finally deletes paths in
the right order (i.e., topologically sorted under the “references”
relation), thus making it safe to interrupt the collector without
risking a store that violates the closure
invariant.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Likewise, the substitute mechanism now downloads
files in the right order, thus preserving the closure invariant at
all times.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The result of <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> is now
registered as a root of the garbage collector. If the
<code class="filename">./result</code> link is deleted, the GC root
disappears automatically.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The behaviour of the garbage collector can be changed
globally by setting options in
<code class="filename">/nix/etc/nix/nix.conf</code>.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">gc-keep-derivations</code> specifies
whether deriver links should be followed when searching for live
paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">gc-keep-outputs</code> specifies
whether outputs of derivations should be followed when searching
for live paths.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">env-keep-derivations</code>
specifies whether user environments should store the paths of
derivations when they are added (thus keeping the derivations
alive).</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New <span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> query flags
<code class="option">--drv-path</code> and
<code class="option">--out-path</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>fetchurl</strong></span> allows SHA-1 and SHA-256
in addition to MD5. Just specify the attribute
<code class="varname">sha1</code> or <code class="varname">sha256</code> instead of
<code class="varname">md5</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Manual updates.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.7"></a>C.33. Release 0.7 (2005-01-12)</h2></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Binary patching. When upgrading components using
pre-built binaries (through nix-pull / nix-channel), Nix can
automatically download and apply binary patches to already installed
components instead of full downloads. Patching is “smart”: if there
is a <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> of patches to an installed
component, Nix will use it. Patches are currently generated
automatically between Nixpkgs (pre-)releases.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Simplifications to the substitute
mechanism.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix-pull now stores downloaded manifests in
<code class="filename">/nix/var/nix/manifests</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Metadata on files in the Nix store is canonicalised
after builds: the last-modified timestamp is set to 0 (00:00:00
1/1/1970), the mode is set to 0444 or 0555 (readable and possibly
executable by all; setuid/setgid bits are dropped), and the group is
set to the default. This ensures that the result of a build and an
installation through a substitute is the same; and that timestamp
dependencies are revealed.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.6"></a>C.34. Release 0.6 (2004-11-14)</h2></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Rewrite of the normalisation engine.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Multiple builds can now be performed in parallel
(option <code class="option">-j</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Distributed builds. Nix can now call a shell
script to forward builds to Nix installations on remote
machines, which may or may not be of the same platform
type.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Option <code class="option">--fallback</code> allows
recovery from broken substitutes.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Option <code class="option">--keep-going</code> causes
building of other (unaffected) derivations to continue if one
failed.</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Improvements to the garbage collector (i.e., it
should actually work now).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Setuid Nix installations allow a Nix store to be
shared among multiple users.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Substitute registration is much faster
now.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A utility <span class="command"><strong>nix-build</strong></span> to build a
Nix expression and create a symlink to the result int the current
directory; useful for testing Nix derivations.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Manual updates.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="command"><strong>nix-env</strong></span> changes:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>Derivations for other platforms are filtered out
(which can be overridden using
<code class="option">--system-filter</code>).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="option">--install</code> by default now
uninstall previous derivations with the same
name.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="option">--upgrade</code> allows upgrading to a
specific version.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>New operation
<code class="option">--delete-generations</code> to remove profile
generations (necessary for effective garbage
collection).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nicer output (sorted,
columnised).</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>More sensible verbosity levels all around (builder
output is now shown always, unless <code class="option">-Q</code> is
given).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Nix expression language changes:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>New language construct: <code class="literal">with
<em class="replaceable"><code>E1</code></em>;
<em class="replaceable"><code>E2</code></em></code> brings all attributes
defined in the attribute set <em class="replaceable"><code>E1</code></em> in
scope in <em class="replaceable"><code>E2</code></em>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added a <code class="function">map</code>
function.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Various new operators (e.g., string
concatenation).</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Expression evaluation is much
faster.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>An Emacs mode for editing Nix expressions (with
syntax highlighting and indentation) has been
added.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Many bug fixes.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="ch-relnotes-0.5"></a>C.35. Release 0.5 and earlier</h2></div></div></div><p>Please refer to the Subversion commit log messages.</p></div></div></div></body></html>
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